Free Essays on Harley 100th

I fill in as an understudy at the company’s home office in Milwaukee, WI. Working at Harley-Davidson, so near the 100th commemoration has been a colossal encounter. You can feel the energy working noticeable all around as the check down happens. There is a huge commencement clock, up to the second, joined to the structure situated on Juneau Avenue. Harley is calling it â€Å"the biggest birthday celebration anybody hosts seen.† The genuine 100th commemoration gathering is mostly occurring at the Summerfest grounds in Milwaukee, yet there hosts been many develop birthday gatherings around the world. Lodgings are reserved for the occasion up to a 100-mile range, so there will be a lot of partiers joining in. I am energized and plan on going to the fundamental birthday celebration and review a portion of the shows. Workers still don’t know the line up of groups, yet in a portion of the development parties there has been acts, for example, Aerosmith, Ted Nugent, The Doors, and numerous other huge name acts. Another inquiry workers are on edge to see is who will be the MC for the occasion. Jay Leno played this job in the 95th commemoration, and some state he may rehash, as a result of his adoration for Harley-Davidson cruisers. It is an incredible benefit to have the option to be a piece of such an unprecedented event.... Free Essays on Harley 100th Free Essays on Harley 100th I function as an assistant at the company’s home office in Milwaukee, WI. Working at Harley-Davidson, so near the 100th commemoration has been a huge encounter. You can feel the fervor working noticeable all around as the tally down happens. There is a huge commencement clock, up to the second, joined to the structure situated on Juneau Avenue. Harley is calling it â€Å"the biggest birthday celebration anybody hosts seen.† The genuine 100th commemoration gathering is fundamentally occurring at the Summerfest grounds in Milwaukee, yet there hosts been many develop birthday gatherings around the world. Lodgings are reserved for the occasion up to a 100-mile range, so there will be a lot of partiers joining in. I am extremely energized and plan on going to the primary birthday celebration and review a portion of the shows. Representatives still don’t know the line up of groups, yet in a portion of the development parties there has been acts, for example, Aerosmith, Ted Nugent, The Doors, and numerous other large name acts. Another inquiry representatives are on edge to see is who will be the MC for the occasion. Jay Leno played this job in the 95th commemoration, and some state he may rehash, in light of his adoration for Harley-Davidson cruisers. It is an incredible benefit to have the option to be a piece of such a remarkable event....

Issues in Art Therapy with Children Essay

Craftsmanship treatment is the helpful utilization of making workmanship inside an expert relationship, and the procedure engaged with making workmanship is recuperating and life-upgrading. In the mid 1980s, the American Art Therapy Association (Levick, 1983, as refered to in Newcomer, 1993) viewed workmanship treatment as an open door for nonverbal articulation and correspondence with the conviction that the innovative procedure of craftsmanship is a methods for accommodating enthusiastic clashes and of cultivating mindfulness. The affiliation later extended their definition to peruse: â€Å"Art Therapy is a human help calling that uses workmanship media, pictures, the imaginative craftsmanship procedure and patient/customer reactions to the made items as impressions of an individual’s improvement, capacities, character, interests, concerns and clashes. Craftsmanship encounters can give an option in contrast to verbal types of appraisal and treatment† (American Art Therapy Association Newsletter, 1998). Kaplan (2000) assessed the discoveries of different neuroscientists who noticed that realistic portrayal is a mind boggling movement, including zones of the cerebrum related with language. For instance, Restak (1994) revealed that more mind neurons are given to vision than different faculties. Kaplan proposes that studio workmanship can encourage critical thinking capacities, invigorate delight and confidence, and give chances to effective working in kids and grown-ups with subjective disabilities. Malchiodi (2003) refers to concentrates by researchers who found that drawing includes complex communications between numerous pieces of the cerebrum, and notes that science will be integral to seeing how workmanship treatment functions and why it is a ground-breaking restorative methodology. Riley (2003) saw that offering chances to make workmanship to discouraged young people as a methods for correspondence that can be delighted in and controlled gives a focal point to review their recognitions through their own pictures, just as a vehicle for treatment and an approach to address obstruction. Also, she finds drawingless angry, less natural, and less critical than talk, and that immature gloom is regularly veiled. Youngsters may likewise be irate or forceful, rather than the weariness normal for discouraged grown-ups, and workmanship making can serve to mitigate difficult self-censure. Wadeson (1980) noticed that drawings by patients encountering sadness demonstrated less shading, less effect, and less exertion than the drawings of nondepressed people. Moreover, they demonstrated progressively void space and increasingly burdensome effect, for example, drawing about hurting others. Silver and Ellison (1995) portrayed the conduct and history of a 16-year-old who had been captured and detained for cutting another adolescent with a pencil. His history incorporated an unstable temper and it was expected that he may hurt others. His dad had vanished and his mom had been slaughtered in a pack related occurrence. During his stay in the office, he was set on self destruction watch, and afterward was trained for furious carrying on. Three weeks after his discharge, he ended it all. Preferences of Art Therapy versus Conventional Verbal Therapy for Children Many examinations performed by specialist scientists have been decided to concentrate on craftsmanship treatment specifically as a result of the expressive expressions advantage of permitting youngsters a nonverbal outlet for their emotions. In any case, since workmanship treatment is a generally new methodology, there is an insignificant measure of research that has been directed to help its viability or convenience. In this manner, customarily there has been less acknowledgment of it as a practical treatment choice. Because of this conviction, it is critical to bring up the numerous points of interest of directing craftsmanship treatment to treat a wide range of psychological maladjustments, from extreme issue, for example, schizophrenia to mellow social issue. There are numerous helpful focal points to this specific sort of treatment. Pre-immature kids frequently experience issues communicating their considerations and sentiments verbally. Children’s phonetic and subjective abilities are not completely evolved, which restricts their verbal articulation. Since craftsmanship treatment includes nonverbal correspondence, it is valuable with this age populace whose formative restrictions forestall the degree of interest regularly required in verbal treatment (Newcomer, 1993). Rather than words, the picture made by the kid is the emblematic portrayal of an inclination, occasion, wish, and so forth. This type of preverbal articulation and preverbal thinking doesn't require interpretation since it is delineated in picture structure. For kids who can't make the interpretation, workmanship is utilized as a vehicle for articulation instead of words (Newcomer, 1993). Another bit of leeway of craftsmanship treatment is that the picture delivered can fill in as an impetus for verbal articulation. This picture at that point gives the kid structure and an establishment trying to clarify or depict the creation (Newcomer, 1993). Numerous youngsters experience the ill effects of low confidence and low self-assurance. At the point when a youngster partakes in craftsmanship treatment exercises and can ace the materials and tasks, it gives a chance to the kid to build confidence and fearlessness. A considerable lot of the members in the current investigation experience the ill effects of a poor mental self portrait and low confidence and certainty. Youngsters, especially in savage neighborhoods, frequently feel an absence of power over the eccentric and precarious condition where they are living. In this way, it is essential to pick up authority of an undertaking, which helps fabricate a sentiment of control. Craftsmanship ventures can serve to do this. Workmanship treatment is invaluable to conventional talk treatment in that it assists with giving a socially adequate chance to articulation and is moderately nonthreatening, while verbal treatment can convey a shame. Numerous people, the two youngsters and grown-ups, experience the ill effects of the disgrace of being getting help. Lessening or wiping out this negative disgrace can serve to improve the treatment (Newcomer, 1993). Workmanship treatment gives a gathering where kids can uninhibitedly communicate feeling while talking about their craftsmanship unafraid of damaging social standards. Another advantage of craftsmanship treatment is the social part that can be worked into the meeting if giving gathering workmanship treatment. By taking a shot at bunch ventures and sharing materials, it creates relational connections and encourages collaboration (Newcomer, 1993). At the Lake School’s Insight Through Art Program, all youngsters in the gatherings share materials and now and again take part in bunch ventures. Another bit of leeway of craftsmanship treatment that has been noted is the lessening in vitality level that happens during the inventive procedure (Newcomer, 1993). People in workmanship treatment are as yet invigorated as in talk treatment, yet in an alternate way that gives more noteworthy unwinding. A large number of the youngsters at the Lake School are hyperactive, restless, and excessively energized. Dealing with a craftsmanship venture gives structure, control, and breaking point setting that assists with quieting youngsters down. Craftsmanship can likewise have the converse impact on discouraged, withdrawn kids. Craftsmanship and workmanship making can help animate these people and increment investment in treatment and diminishing hindrance. A disservice of verbal treatment is that when working verbally, people can stop and channel considerations and sentiments (Wadeson, 1980). It is simpler to control and agreeable your words then your specialty. This altering can hinder the helpful procedure. Harriet Wadeson records externalization as another bit of leeway. This term depends on the reason that craftsmanship articulation can shape a scaffold. Typification is the thought that â€Å"feelings or thoughts are from the start externalized in an item (picture or figure). The craftsmanship object permits the individual, while isolating from the emotions, to perceive their existence† (Wadeson, 1980, p. 10). Ideally, the individual would then be able to go to claim their emotions and incorporate them into oneself. When in craftsmanship treatment, the individual is left with a substantial item that can be taken with the person in question after the treatment has finished (Wadeson, 1980). In verbal treatment, there are no substantial items. The object(s) is emblematic of the work done in treatment and can likewise fill in as a token of abilities learned. The individual at that point has a token of work done, which is particularly advantageous for kids. The image or model isn't dependent upon twists of memory. An extra bit of leeway of having a substantial item is that it is simpler to review and notice rising examples. A specialist and the customer can infer a feeling of continuous improvement that happens in the remedial procedure. The workmanship object gives documentation that is an immediate proclamation by the patient, not sifted by the advisor (Wadeson, 1980). A last noted preferred position is that workmanship takes advantage of essential procedure thinking and permits the kid to process the occasion without the oversight or hindrances of optional procedure thinking. Writing Review of Art Therapy Research Art treatment programs, in contrast to conventional doctoral projects in brain science, have not accentuated exact research. Understudies examining craftsmanship treatment enter the field since they will in general be more inspired by the clinical work instead of in leading exploration. Numerous projects, however this started changing during the 1980s, don't offer the fundamental courses in investigate structure. Given this center, the field of craftsmanship treatment comes up short on the examination considers that use quantifiable information. In this manner, a significant part of the examination in regards to the adequacy of craftsmanship treatment has been contextual analyses. Numerous productive scholars in the field have expounded on the absence of craftsmanship treatment look into (McNiff, 1998a, Rosal, 1998; Malchiodi, 1995). â€Å"As a generally new order we presently can't seem to ‘advance’ to the phase where proficient scientists separate the procedure of examination from the ‘the practice of the craft† (McNiff, 1998a, p. 86). Numerous craftsmanship specialists battle with the more customarily adequate research strategies. Inventive research strategies appear to loan

Fall Travel Days 4,5,6 NACAC Conference

Fall Travel Days 4,5,6 NACAC Conference The NACAC conference happens each fall. About 4200 admissions people (adcoms from colleges and universities, GCs from high schools, independent counselors, admissions-related vendors, etc.) descend on a city (Tampa this year) and attend classes and networking sessions. Theres a college fair for guidance counselors where all the colleges/universities set up booths (as they would at a normal college fair) and then GCs come around to network and ask questions. There are keynote speakers at the beginning and end (this year these were UMBC president Freeman Hrabowski, who was AMAZINGLY inspirational, and columnist Dave Barry, who is always hysterical). I got up at 4:30AM on Thursday to make it to the airport in time for my early flight and didnt get to sleep until after 2AM, so that was a pretty long day. We got to Tampa around 11AM, checked into the hotel, and registered for the conference. The first big event was Freeman Hrabowskis incredible speech, after which Marilee and I went in search of a wifi connection so we could deal with the critical emails that were sure to be clogging our in-boxes. We located said wifi connection in the lobby of our hotel, to the tune of $10/day. Ouch. At 5:30 PM, we got the MIT admissions crew together for a dinner reservation at Berns Steakhouse. This had been recommended to me by my uncle, whod told me earlier that its worth going to Tampa JUST to eat at Berns. We dramatically exceeded our MIT per diems but it was worth every penny I had to spend I dont think Ive ever had a steak that good. Berns has a menu that in some ways is more of a textbook than a menu covering every last detail on how best to age, cut, and cook beef. Amazing dinner. After dinner we hit the town, where I got to see a lot of my old pals from the Harvard Admissions Institute. The first day of NACAC is mostly social. Some of it is frivolous, but its also where everyone checks in with each other on the coming years truly important admissions-related issues. To me the critical thing going on right now in the admissions world is the movement to take back our field. Marilee is firmly on board, as is the rest of our office. To sum it up, admissions should be a process, not a business. Heres a plug for Lloyd Thackers Educational Conservancy. Hes fighting the good fight, and thank god someone is. I was a bit appalled at the opening ceremony for NACAC. NACAC is deisgned to promote dialogue and improve admissions across the board. Period. But after the keynote speaker, NACACs president introduced a special guest whose company had donated $115K to NACAC. She proceeded to plug said company, a partner of USNWR (and we all know how I feel about that). The good part was that it generated quite a buzz over the next few days between college and HS professionals. NACAC is not for sale became the mantra. Well see. Woke up early on Friday and mostly attended NACAC sessions, including a session on why its so hard to get women to consider careers in engineering and then Marilees panel on the current stress-fueled climate in selective college admissions. Both were great. Then the college fair for GCs, then back to the hotel with Matt to work on our Blogging In Admissions presentation for today. Friday nights dinner was also great. Matt had heard of a place in nearby Ybor City called Columbia. Authentic cuban cuisine complete with a cabaret show. AWESOME. Overheard from Edmund: this makes me want to get my flamenco dance troop back together. Headed back to the hotel after dinner to work more on the powerpoint for todays blogging presentation. Finished at 3AM I forget how productive I am in the wee hours of the morning. I used to be nocturnal but having kids fixed that. Its funny as soon as Im away from home my body reverts. Maybe Im a vampire. Except that I hate the sight of blood. Woke up today and headed to the convention center to do the blogging presentation. It was well attended and except for a minor technology issue (they forgot our projector which made us have to start 10 minutes late) I think it went really well. To those of you who attended thanks so much for coming, and thanks for all of the great questions! Matt and I had some lunch afterwards and then met up with the rest of the MIT crew to attend the Dave Barry talk. Good stuff. Then a bunch of emailing, and a trip to the airport for my flight to Philly, for which I am currently waiting. Note to self: remember that the Tampa airport has amazingly fast (and free!) wifi. * Tomorrow: the Philly central meeting at Germantown Academy.

Nazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Essay - 1473 Words

Nazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Goebbels once said the aim of the Nationalist Socialist Revolution must be a totalitarian state, which will permeate all aspects of public life In reality to put this into practise was a lot more difficult. From the outside, people assume that the Nazis had brainwashed every German citizen during their reign. By booking more closely, through Germanys archives we can see a better picture of what Germany was really like. Totalitarian states must have a number of things, primarily being one main leader, government control of all aspects of life and create committed members of state. In Weimar and Nazi Germany by John Hite and Chris Hinton, they give†¦show more content†¦Historians who believed this view are Mommsen and Broszat. However, the current consensus is that he was a bit of both. The Nazi policy reflected Hitlers overall vision. He didnt initiate many policies (i.e. a non-interventionalsit dictator). Kershaw believes that Hitlers view was uncontested and there was no effective opposition to him. His image as an infallible leader was kept, as he didnt get involved in faction fighting which came with this chaotic government. This lead to the people of Germany liking Hitler more than the actual party. When dealing with potential rivals he was certainly not weak. He was the source of power if you wanted to get ahead in the party, and so you had to be careful with your actions. For instance, Goebbels was cold shouldered in the good years until Hitler needed him again in 1942 to produce propaganda to unite the German people when the war was looking bad. A chaotic government suited him as it fitted in with his personality, and he didnt want to be associated with failing Nazi policies, and the system fi tted in with belief in Social Darwinism. He was not a master in the 3rd Reich, as he didnt enjoy absolute authority. He had to work with his limitations, for example he had to be aware of the mood of the German people, be cautious in his dealings with the elite and be cautious whenShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany: A Totalitarian State?1532 Words   |  7 PagesNazi Germany: A Totalitarian State? The purpose of this essay is to explain whether Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state or not. Totalitarian state means when all aspects of life within a country are under the total control of a person or group, this is often referred to as a dictator. The aspects of life in Nazi Germany that I am going to examine are young people, women, the church, employment, leisure time, propaganda and censorship. After I have discussed these aspectsRead MoreThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s as Totalitarian States1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s as Totalitarian States A totalitarian state usually refers to a country in which the central government has total control over almost all aspects of peoples life. Main features include an infallible leader, one-party rule, elitism, strict party discipline, purges against enemies and political dissidents, planned economy, strong armaments, indoctrination, encouragement of nationalism, an official doctrine that everybody has Read MoreTo What Extent Did Nazi Germany Establish a Totalitarian State in the Years 1933 and 1939?2003 Words   |  9 PagesModern History Research Essay To what extent did the Nazis succeed in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939? The Nazis succeeded to a great degree in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A Totalitarian state is defined as a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures. A Totalitarian state aims to establish complete: - political -social/economicRead MoreHitler s A Totalitarian State1690 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A totalitarian state was defined as a government that promotes the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by extreme measures. There is no doubt that radical changes occurred as a result of significant decisions made and policies introduced by the party, but there appears to be strong evidence to suggest that their desire for popularity and power was not completely fulfilled. In order for Germany to beRead MoreThe Totalitarian Systems That Changed Lives Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pageswriting about the totalitarian systems and how they changed people’s lives. I am going to look into detail about the totalitarian systems, their facts, their main structures, how they came to power, why they came to power and what changed after they were abolished in two specific countries. A totalitarian system or totalitarianism, as its name states ‘total’, is a form of government where the state keeps public, cultural and other aspects of life under strict control. The totalitarian systems that IRead MoreIntroduction. This Assignment Will Discuss The Difference1514 Words   |  7 Pageswill discuss the difference between a Totalitarian state and a Liberal Democratic state. An example of a totalitarian state is Nazi Germany and Stalin in the Soviet Union. An example of a liberal democratic state would be South Africa and Australia. The aim of this assignment is to educate the reader on the difference between two states. A critical analysis will be made differentiating a totalitarian state and a liberal democratic state. A totalitarian state can be seen as a form of government thatRead MoreThe Totalitarian Aspects of Nazi Germany Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Totalitarian Aspects of Nazi Germany The government of Nazi Germany was a fascist, totalitarian state. They ruled in Germany ever since Hitler became chancellor in 1933, to 1945. Totalitarianism was a form of government in which the state involves itself in all facts of society, including the daily life of its citizens. It penetrates and controls all aspects of public and private life, through the states use of propaganda, terror and technology. Totalitarian societiesRead MoreTo What Extent Can Nazism in Power Be Seen as Totalitarianism in the Period 1933-1939?1008 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Fredrich’s â€Å"six point syndrome†, a totalitarian state must consist of an official ideology, a single mass party, terroristic police control, monopoly control of the media and arms and central control of the economy. During the Nazi Reich between 1933-1939, under Hitler as Fuhrer (supreme leader), the Nazi regime was able to successfully achieve aspects of totalitarianism by exerting tight control of the media and police; leading to control of certain aspects of German social, politicalRead MoreThe Meaning of the Term Totalitarianism Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted in Europe in the 1920s and 30s. It was an absolutism that emphasized the importance of the state at the expense of individual liberties. It displays the following features: One-party dictatorship and one-man rule were emphasized in a totalitarian state. Only one party ruled in a totalitarian state, for example, the Fascist Part in Italy, the Nazi Party in Germany and the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. All other political parties were made illegal, bannedRead MoreNazi Germany Positive And Negative Effects On The World War I1731 Words   |  7 PagesLife in Nazi Germany had many positive and negative effects on the people that were living there between 1933-1939. The treaty of Versailles was when Germany was in great despair. The Germans had to pay back repatriations for losing the war, they lost territory, accepted the blame for causing World War I and there was also the near elimination of the Germany army. This all lead Germany into suffering badly through the Great Depression. The Nazi party and their leader Adolf Hitler brought the Totalitarian

Essay about The Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality

The Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality The psychodynamic model of abnormality is useful to an extent. However it has many weaknesses. The psychodynamic model of abnormality was initiated by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was very interested in hysteria. This is the manifestation of physical causes. He became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible not just abnormality but also normality. Freud developed Psychoanalysis. This is a set of techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up a psychoanalytic theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood. His†¦show more content†¦Freud (1923) divided the psyche into three parts. The first being the Id (unconscious mind). This is the largest part and is innate. It is the source our desires. It is selfish and operates on the pleasure principle and only wants the gratification it desires. The second is the Ego (Conscious mind). This is fully formed from around two years of age and develops from the Id. The Ego works on the reality principle and is concerned with keeping our thoughts and action s in step with the real world. The third is the Superego and contains moral values. Psychoanalysis had a very fixed set of assumptions that later psychodynamic theorists agreed with to different extents. One of the assumptions was the unconscious processes, where many important influences on behaviour come from the unconscious part of the mind, which we have no awareness of. Another assumption is psychodynamic conflict. This is where the different parts of the mind are in a constant struggle with each other and the consequences of the struggle are important in understanding behaviour. Freud also believed that that behaviour is motivated by emotional drives. Particularly sexual and aggressive drives. These drives create psychic energy that builds up if it cannot be released. 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The model of psychologicalRead MoreA Comparison of Two Therapeutic Approaches to Mental Disorders913 Words   |  4 PagesDisorders The essence of the medical model is the view that abnormal behaviours like mental disorders result from physical problems and should be treated medically, in other words; mental disorders resemble physical diseases, in that they are both illness of the body. As a result, the medical approach would argue that mental illness and therapeutic action should be taken from the medical perspective. Whereas the psychodynamic approach concerning mental illness put Read MorePsychological Analysis of O.J. Simpsons Path to Infamy1101 Words   |  4 Pagesprison sentence (Biography.com, n.d.) O.J. Simpson’s abnormal behavior is one that is hard to diagnose because there is little evidence to strictly say why he did what he did, I will attempt to look and analyze his behavior through all of the Models of Abnormalities. Looking at the Biological perspective, O.J. could be seen with a chemical imbalance in his brain chemistry as a result of a lack of cortisol and serotonin, which could explain for his involvement in the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson andRead MoreThe Medical Model Of Psychopathology962 Words   |  4 Pagescriminal† (Joseph 1997). According to the medical model, the causes of mental illness may be biological in nature, or they might be psychosocial in nature. All that matters is that they can be known through the methods of empirical science. The medical model holds that mental illness can be treated and prevented by methods derived from scientific research. These kinds of analogies between physical and mental illness form the backbone of the medical model of psychopathology. It has not proved easy toRead MoreOcd Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesthan the normal population of developing the disorder. In a meta-analysis of twin studies, Billett et al found that compared to non identical twins, identical twins are twice as likely to develop OCD if their twin also had OCD. However the biological model fails to recognise the importance of learning and developing disorders. This is ideology is discussed in the behavioural explanation of anxiety disorders. For example if an infant sees one of his parents committing compulsive acts they are likely toRead MoreYears Ago, If A Person Displayed Strange Ways Of Doing1647 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnosed them using a model of behavior that coincided with the beliefs circulating throughout the cultural. For a while the main model of behavior was the demonological model. Medieval scientists and practitioners would see the abnormal person as possessed or being driven by the devil. Treatments for any behavior deemed abnormal ranged from prayers to public whipping in order to drive out the spirits. 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The purpose of writing this paper is to explore the origin of the field of abnormal psychology, its evolution into scientific discipline and briefly discuss the different psychosocial, biological and socio-cultural theoretical models related to the development of abnormal psychology. Origins of Abnormal Psychology The field of abnormal psychology tuned out to be a scientific discipline in the last century but the introduction of the abnormal behaviour started as early in theRead MoreCognitive Behavioral And Psychodynamic Approach Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagesdarkness as a trigger for that events. Furthermore, splitting with his girlfriend may also have prompted him to feel lonely. This might have instilled fear on him, causing anxiety, panic attacks and depression. Biomedical, cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic approach can be used alongside, as treatment methods to help Joseph with his disorder. Biomedical approach treats physical symptoms of disorder such as anxiety, panic attacks and depressions. It states the cause is due to physiological factorsRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology1007 Words   |  5 Pages The biological perspective and major figures such as Karl Lashley looks to the body to explain the mind, they look at hormones, genes, the brain, and the central nervous system to explain the way we think, feel and act. The psychodynamic perspective and major figures such as Sigmund Freud views behaviour as driven by powerful mental conflicts locked deep within the subconscious. The behaviourist perspective and major figures such as John Watson believe that behaviour

Internet Freedom and Democracy Free Essays

Internet Freedom and Democracy Recently people more aware about real democracy because technological developments and internet help people who access the internet simultaneously. Especially internet has a great contribition. Internet’s most important two features which are pure information and easy accessibility are gift from network developers to general public. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Freedom and Democracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some believes that this intervention is very helpful for humanity and some others argues that internet will be a tool for mean and malevolent people such as terrorists,racist or pedophiles. Democracy’s most well known feature is being free as can as possible. Person who lives in democratic country can do what s/he wants to do without abusing the other people’s rights,feelings and freedoms. Accordingly on this definition , people can access to internet when they want. They can communicate with each other or surf on the internet and no one can stop users. Internet is a new way of promoting democracy. It is a new area that capable for keeping in touch with billions of people. It does not need to rest or it never dies. However this event depend on governments and authorities’ attitude towards the internet. As you imagine that, internet’s simplicity creates powerful interaction. This interaction ability leads billions of people’s attention. This interaction power and lots of people’s attention may cause a handicap for Authorities. Becouse of this great power States and Authorities want to control it. Thanks to the democracy, there is a obstacle for that. Our rights are saved by laws and governments can not inhibit our internet freedom. Let assume that all of the developing and developed countries are beindg governing with complete democracy. In this circumstance,a large amount of people can reach various imformation easily. Only one click on the mouse opens a door to the rest of the world. Jamie Metzl describes the internet as a quick and cheap way of exchanging the information. It is a great invention that people may gain information very fast and very easy. People can announce their voice and express their ideas. People may also express themselves without the internet but internet makes this process faster. Sharing ideas has become easier with internet. Because internet provides flow of informatin without any corruption or changes. For example (from Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article), human rights organizations were challenging with authoritarian governments early 80’s but later internet usage has started to grow and they have gained adventage from internet. They published their articles and annunced their activities freely. In Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article, Amnesty International which is an organization that protects human rights all over the world. In their Indonesia campaign , they used the online communication becouse government could not making intervention to that area. Day by day Indonesian people have become more aware about their rights and resisted to government’s human rights abuses. Briefly , internet provides democratic rights for people. With internet’s contribitions people can understand the democracy in fast and easy way. Internet is such a great invention that it is easiest way to foster freedom. There is no militaristic pressure, police stick, or torture for readings, songs and idea expressions. It means that there is no this kind of scary affects for being free. People know that they can read, listen or say what they want with internet. This is the main reason for internet’s popularity. Completely democratic countries have been allowing flow of information for many years. Except democratic and liberal countries’ citizens, people couldn’t express themselves freely before the invention of the internet. For example; in Turkey, in early 80’s lots of author was imprisoned by military because of their ideologies and books. Also military was burning ideological books. Even today Turkish citizens aren’t recognizing the complete freedom. However, it changed recently. Lately 90’s internet has become popular and there was no limitation for it. That interval was the pure freedom for internet users. It is a fact that, only way for spread of an idea is communication. Frequency, power and speed of communication are directly proportional with dissemination of idea or information. A user’s idea could be effective on the other user. Different thoughts could become an ideology at the internet. For example; a couple months ago Turkish government has started to applying safe-internet which is software for limiting the internet. Popular bloggers wrote articles about it and they raise awareness about this law. Firstly bloggers and a lot of users protest this issue on web but it didn’t be effective. After that bloggers planned a real protest at streets. They invited both internet users and civil public to strike this issue. Thousands of people responded this call and they protest that law because, government tried to abuse their internet freedom. However, some people argue that internet isn’t kind of a tool that helpful for democratic developments. In dictatorships and non-democratic countries internet doesn’t work properly while process of promoting the democracy. Censorship issue and authoritarian pressures prevent flow of information. Not only civil people use the internet. Governments have their own websites or blogs. Public’s internet is being limited with same technology by governments. Civilian programmers call that the Censor ware. There are lots of ways for blocking or limiting access to websites. Most well-known are Web filters which programmed by states’ programmers. Another one is blocking the website. Jonathan Strickland mentioned this issue in his article. For Strickland, Governments block access to the web pages they identify as undesirable. Undesirable means that the websites which criticizes the state’s ideology or contrary with government’s activities. As a result, these actions cause a counter belief for internet’s democracy foster power. In conclusion, many people believe that internet is accelerating the freedom and democracy in most of the countries. A few people disagreeing with that but generally thought of internet’s contributions to democracy is positive. Two main features of this technology are helping people which are fast and easy and fast accessibility and not corrupted information. How to cite Internet Freedom and Democracy, Essay examples

Insanity Defense free essay sample

One of the original insanity defenses is defined by the M’Naghten Test; it is still currently being used by twenty five states. The M’Naghten Test states that a defendant should not be held responsible for his actions only if, due to his mental disease or defect, he did not know that his act would be wrong; or did not understand the nature and quality of his actions. The Durham/New Hampshire Test is another form of insanity defense. This test states that a defendant is can be not found not guilty if his mental illness was the reason for the crime. This is also known as the Product Test. This test has much broader rules regarding the insanity defense; however, it did deal with the issue of possibly convicting mentally ill defendants. This could and did happen when using the MNaghten Rule. The Durham standard did however draw a lot of criticism due to its expanded definition of legal insanity and the ease at which some defendants were able to use it. The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, in effect, seriously changed the definition of insanity and how it could be used by a defendant and or their attorneys. Basically it took the ability to plea insanity back to the Victorian era’s idea of right and wrong, after the original M’Naghten case in the murder of Robert Peel. This act mirrors the MNaghten rules except that it requires that the defendant must suffer from a severe mental defect, and, more importantly it places the burden on the defendant to prove by clear and convincing evidence that there is a severe mental defect, this is a twist to normal court procedure where the burden of proof would normally be on the state. This is a much more stringent rule brought about by Congress because of the John Hinckley acquittal and the public outrage that followed. Senator Strom Thurmond heavily criticized the insanity defense used by Hinckley’s lawyers for exonerating a defendant who obviously planned and knew exactly what he was doing. There is a case in Texas that involves Andre Thomas, who is currently on death row for the murder of his wife and two children. After he killed them he cut out their hearts and carried them around in his pocket. Prior to being put on trial for murder he plucked out his own right eye, and since then, on death row he has gouged out his remaining eye and ate it The Texas courts say that he is not insane, nor does he suffer any severe mental deficiencies. A judge on the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals wrote in a concurring denial of his appeal that Thomas is clearly crazy, but he is also sane under Texas law. After medication and psychiatric treatment, Mr. Thomas was found competent to stand trial, because at that point he was able to communicate clearly with and assist his attorney in his defense. At trial, he was found to be sane at the time of the crime because he knew the difference between right and wrong and will be put to death if he understands what execution means and why he is being killed. Though he was unsuccessful in his insanity plea, he should be the poster boy for reform for the insanity defense, especially after the knee jerk reactions that caused the Insanity Reform Act of 1984. In another case from November of 1978 a former San Francisco City Supervisor, Dan White, shot and killed Mayor George Moscone and Harvey Milk. The defendant broke into City Hall through a basement window to avoid metal detectors, used particularly lethal ammunition, and reloaded his weapon at least once during the crimes. White was convicted in 1979 of Voluntary Manslaughter after his attorneys mounted what would become known as the â€Å"Twinkie Defense†. This was a misnomer, because Twinkies were never actually brought up or referred to at the trial. Martin Blinder, a psychiatrist, testified that Dan White was severely depressed at the time of the shootings. Several factors were cited that indicated White’s deep depression; he had quit working and deliberately avoided any contact his wife and family. White, who was usually clean-cut, was disheveled and dirty in appearance, he also was previously known as a fitness fanatic who had recently begun consuming copious amounts of junk food and soft drinks. This according to Blinder was a result of his deep untreated depression. Another psychiatrist, George Solomon, testified that White had exploded and was sort of on automatic pilot at the time of the killings. Defense attorneys were successful in persuading the jury that White was diminished in his mental capacity for rational thought and jurors found him incapable of the premeditation that would be required to obtain a murder conviction. In Michigan, in 1977, Francine Hughes killed her husband Mickey by pouring gasoline all over and around their bed while he was drunk and passed out, lit the fuel and burned him to death. At her trial she claimed to have been beaten for over fourteen years by an abusive husband who threatened to kill her numerous times if she tried to leaving him. She and her attorney claimed that she had been temporarily insane at the time of the killing and was not guilty for that reason. The jury agreed and she was acquitted. Her case was one of the precursors to the battered women’s syndrome as a defense, and proof of a women’s right to self defense in her own home. This is a perfect case example for the use of the temporary insanity plea. The insanity plea as a defense certainly has its place among the courts and the American justice system. It is unfortunate though, that some high profile cases get all the media coverage and tend to overshadow other cases where the defendant is most certainly insane or at the very least incapable of determining what is right from wrong. In the case of Andre Thomas who is on death row, I don’t know of anyone that would contend that he is sane. Certainly he is not sane enough to have stood trial and be on death row. If we have to forcefully medicate someone to get them to a point where they can finally realize what they have done is wrong, how can we say that they were sane at the time of the crime when they were unmedicated? How is it possible that we have to forcefully medicate someone so that they understand that they are going to be executed and why? If they were unmedicated could they understand? Doesn’t this show that they should be under mental or psychiatric medical care and not under the penalty of death? I am not saying that they should ever be let loose on the streets again, but, to kill someone who was insane or of diminished mental capacity at the time of a crime, is even more insane to me, killing them is not the answer, it’s tragic.

Telecommunications of International Travel Essay Sample free essay sample

Travel is the motion of people from one location to another. There are seven major grounds why people travel. These are for touristry. sing relations and friends. carry oning concern or trade. go toing maps. presenting objects. migration and pilgrims journeies. Tourism is considered as a recreational type of travel where historical or culturally of import locations are explored by traveling topographic points. Visiting relations and friends are a common behaviour for people that are populating or working far apart. Travel is sometimes a demand for concerns or trade since the exchange of stuffs and resources are usually undertaken to make full the demand for these goods in different locations. Work and meetings by and large implies theodolite since there is a demand to congregate people and maps to accomplish specific ends. Migration implies pull outing a individual or a household from one state to be able to settle in another piece pilgrims journeies are journeys to topographic point s associated to spiritual patterns or beliefs ( Massey et. We will write a custom essay sample on Telecommunications of International Travel Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Al. . 2005 ) . In 2005. people who traveled for touristry intents exceeded 800 million which is 42 million more than in 2004. Of the 42 million travellers. 18 million were in the European continent. 11 M in the Pacific part. 7 M in the Americas. 3 M in the African continent and 2 M in Middle East states. These contributed to an overall 5. 5 % addition of travellers around the universe in the touristry sector. This tendency was attributed to the handiness of lowered airfares and go oning addition in the demand for vacations ( UNWTO. 2006 ) . Business travel is categorized in four categories. These are meetings. business-related leisure. conferences and trade expoundings. Recent alterations in the planetary economic system are impacting concern travellers with the prominence of long-haul plane and train service. Business travel is seen to be dropping from the current 2. 4 per hebdomad to 2 in the close hereafter due to the displacement towards for economical and efficient avenues such as teleconferencing and video-conferencing ( Olson. 1983 ) . Human migration predates civilisations and continues to happen throughout human history. Immigration refers to motion of people with deductions on a long-run lasting abode while labour migration is considered seasonal but is besides a signifier of in-migration. One hundred 90 million international migrators were estimated by the United Nations in 2005. This figure is approximately 3 % of the entire population of the universe. The remainder or 97 % of the universe population are sedentary and did non go forth their original states or nation-states for that same twelvemonth. Causes of migration are variable and these include poorness and hunt for better pay rates. natural catastrophes. work or spiritual grounds. political and racial persecution. diplomatic service. instruction and retirement ( Massey. 2005 ) . Telecommunications â€Å"Telecommunications is an electronic agencies of accomplishing interactions. traffics. and other personal businesss that constitute human activities such as conversations. conferences. direction. aid. sharing. trade. and doing contracts through the usage of telephone. mail. cyberspace and other signifiers of message conveyance. Telecommunications can be considered as a transit of information† ( Salomon A ; Schofer. 1991 ) . Advanced telecommunications may besides include hive awaying. change overing. adding value to. screening. and obtaining information. The importance of advanced telecommunications transcends the straightforward conductivity of an electromagnetic signal. The transit of information through the implements of telecommunications may be facilitated in the transmutation from physical formats such as paperss or recordings. It besides indicates that information that is being carried in transit vehicles could be carried in the same mode as through telecommunications channels ( Niles. 1994 ) . Telecommunications volume is composed of electronic and optical information cyclosis and has been touted as agencies for cut downing travel by transporting information electromagnetically over wires and through signals alternatively of transporting people and paperss in vehicles ( Mokhtarian. 1990 ) . Telecommunications of International Travel Communication can be categorized into three major types. each asking some extent of travel to take topographic point. First is face-to-face communicating. which involves rider motion. Second is the passenger car of an object transporting information such a study. papers or discs. which involves cargo transportation or goods transit. Third is telecommunications. which involves the transit of signals over overseas telegrams or airwaves ( Mokhtarian. 1990 ) . In the seventiess. computing machines and information engineering crept and invaded the workplace. In add-on. the menace of energy crises in that decennary helped set on path the geographic expedition of telecommunication tools as options of cut downing travel. energy and fiscal branchings connected to it. In the following decennary. the focal point on bettering air quality and take downing urban jamming highlighted the demand for farther survey and application of these new engineerings coupled with the speed uping rate of progresss in information and communicating tools which include personal computing machines and fax machines. Another decennary came and a profuse proliferation of more advanced engineering was witnessed. This was 1990s and cellular phones. electronic mail. and the Internet became platitude and readily accepted as communicating channels in private. concern and authorities minutess ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . The effects of telecommunications engineerings on non-work international transit are really of import. Since non-work travel is usually more variable and independent than work travel. it is more unfastened to the influence of modern engineerings. Non-work travel is more flexible since there is increased assortment of pick of going clip. manner of transit. class. itinerary. finish and frequence while work-related travel is relatively more preset from the really start. Furthermore. non-work travel is on the rise compared to the diminution of work-related travel ( Salomon. 1986 ) . Tools for Telecommunication in International Travel Mobile phones permit calls to be made and received during international travel at sensible rates. and may besides offer coverage back at place. Some can besides allow one look into electronic mail and surf the Internet. whatever state a individual is in. Forty per centum of the populations of the United States and European states use nomadic telephones. Unfortunately most wireless phones provided in the United States use a system that is incompatible with telecommunications webs in other states. which can ensue to unexpected backdown for international travellers used to remaining in contact all the clip. Other options are available to contradict the effects of the abovementioned limitation for international travellers. First is purchasing a SIM card. which can be the best option for international travellers since it is one of the most convenient and cheapest options available. When a GSM phone is bought in the U. S. . an extra SIM card can besides be bought in other states that provi de a local Mobile phone figure. which can be inserted whenever a traveller is in that state. This option removes the demand to lease or purchase a new phone every clip a traveller is in another state. The 2nd option is purchasing a GSM phone with rolling capableness. This enables the traveller to retain the same nomadic phone figure even in other states. The disadvantage is the expensive call rates. The 3rd option is leasing a nomadic phone in international finishs. It may supply changeless and nomadic connectivity and lower call rates but this would intend another figure and returning the unit after several yearss or months. The 4th option is purchasing a nomadic phone in an international finish. All of the above advantages can be obtained together with the minus side of a new figure. This option is recommended for individuals who are be aftering to remain in a peculiar state for a long clip or has decided to settle in that new location ( Salomon A ; Schofer. 1991 ) . Aside from nomadic phones at that place besides electronic mail options. Most international travellers use e-mail and the Internet to pass on particularly for concern people. This is done through the usage of laptops or other appliances with Internet connectivity. Most hotels and conference locales besides provide these services as necessities in this sector. Furthermore. there is proliferation of Internet stores or coffeehouse in other states even in 3rd universe 1s. Most aeroplanes. airdromes and terminuss besides provide Internet connectivity that the international traveller can take advantage of ( Frew. 2000 ) . How Telecommunications Reduces Traffic Some telecommunications services result to information watercourses that were once conveyed by physical transit such as the usage of a facsimile that antecedently went through the aid of a courier or attending of an of import meeting by a delegate through teleconferencing alternatively of driving several stat mis across two metropoliss. There are legion ways that the transportation of information can be greatly cut down therefore extinguishing the demand for insistent motion of paperss such as in the instance of utilizing facsimile and electronic mail or people such as teleconferencing or doing phone calls. The degrees of demand for telecommunications alternatively of travel vary by propinquity or state of affairs ( Niles. 1984 ) . Telecommunications permits workers who would normally transpose from abode to a work topographic point to telecommute from a house or from a topographic point closer to abode. It allows informations to be sent in electronic province instead than in physical signifier such as a papers. It facilitates human communicating from distant countries instead than go to a specific meeting location ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . It makes possible the distribution to divide. single audience of communal events such as featuring. attractive forces. political. traditions. and other activities alternatively of necessitating the audience to congregate and witness a peculiar event ( Niles. 1984 ) . It facilitates aggregation of information from separate beginnings into a peculiar point through distant feeling alternatively of boring human observation. It helps travellers to be after more productive travel via distant research. understandings. and geographic expeditions of possible jobs. which makes existent trips unneeded. It enables consumers to buy points without traveling to a shop and at the same clip allows the motion of merchandises to jump the wholesale and retail distribution measure of selling ( Garrison. 1988 ) . Servicess and minutess that require travel can be accessed or provided through automatic systems such as electronic banking. Internet and telephone minutess. Travel can besides be reduced for household members since telecasting and Internet can supply most of amusement and socio-economic activities required. Besides. telecommunications can cut down figure the figure of vehicles through coordination of travellers who may choose to portion drives or program more efficient transit manners and paths ( Niles. 1984 ) . How Telecommunications Enhances Travel Telecommunications besides has an heightening consequence on travel by increasing the efficiency of transit systems through acceleration of information exchange among critical nodes and gateways. Telecommunications is ideally used to do transit and travel safer. more reliable. quicker and more prolific. This is achieved through the changeless entree and flexible applications of radio telephone services such as cellular phones. use of which has dramatically increased among travellers and other people involved in the transit sector ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . Information engineering. with all its applications and advantages. lowers the natural transit value thereby guaranting efficiency. answerability and adaptability. There is displacement toward an ineluctable integrating of telecommunications and travel as evidenced by applications of wireless. cellular phones. travel information systems. satellite Global Positioning Systems and the similar. Traffic systems doing usage of information gathered from long-standing traffic monitoring plans are besides being utilized to develop more efficient. drum sander and safer travel along complex main road systems that may besides ensue to the development of intelligent vehicle systems that can avoid terrible traffic breaks and commuter uncomfortableness. ( Niles and Toliver. 1992 ) . Telecommunications has four emerging constituents. These are telework. teleservices. teleprocess and telestructure. Telework represents telecommunications-enabled shamble of the locations of the workers. Telework encompasses telecommuting or a state of affairs where employees work at place alternatively of office locations. The prevalence of nomadic selling forces and suburban information processing services are illustrations of the outgrowth of telework. Teleservices is a telecommunications-enabled alteration on the locations where goods and services are brought to the clients. Examples of which are distance instruction. automatic Teller or hard currency machines. proviso of services over the phone like in the instance of consultancy. Teleservices are of import in the entire metropolis traffic crisis since these have a great impact on non-work travel forms. which consists of shopping and other consumer activities. Teleprocesses is composed of telecommunications-enabled trade. indust ry. logistics. economic sciences. and organisational procedures of corporations and of pudding stones. This is achieved through the usage of computing machine webs and other manners of informations interchange. This phenomenon creates clients. employee. and supplier transit. Telestructure: agencies telecommunications infrastructure such as intelligent edifices. computerized traffic direction. and the national populace controlled telephone connexions. It provides the skeleton for the three other phenomena of telecommunications ( Niles. 1994 ) . Substitution of International Travel with Telecommunications Due to the broad applications and maps of telecommunications. an at hand permutation of travel with telecommunications becomes ineluctable. Peoples associated in authorities. concern. touristry and other involvements have the ability and chance to impact a displacement toward greater usage of teleprocess that fundamentally entails increased dependance on telecommunications alternatively of transit. This starts in the integrating of telecommunications in the transit system and gradual displacement to telecommunications-oriented nature of travel ( Mokhtarian. 1990 ) . Travel riddance is merely an consequence of the purpose of modernizing services through the usage of more convenient and more efficient telecommunications solutions in stead of conveyance jobs. Added to this is the eventful lowering of value or monetary value of the said services because of the easiness and adaptability among travellers. Travels that are involved in authorities and concern activities are largely affected by this displacement chiefly because these are the marks for cost-cutting and efficiency attempts to supply better service or increase profitableness ( Niles. 1984 ) . Tourism and other related types of travel non inhibited by limitations on factors listed supra are in more flexible state of affairs with respects to the permutation of travel with telecommunications. While better telecommunications may heighten conveyance. amusement and other cultural wonders and may besides be delivered by telecommunications media therefore controling the demand for leisure travels. Therefore. this permutation has no unequivocal or predicted impact on touristry ( Garrison. 1989 ) . Expectations on Telecommunications of Travel Some experts predict the happening of either complementation or permutation of telecommunications to go. These state of affairss are bases on the premiss that engineering will go on to progress unabated. The steady input of more convenient and quicker manners of telecommunication lowers the necessity of international travel whether in concern or touristry. But there are besides outlooks on the lowering of the cost of international travel. This means that alternatively of permutation or complementation. there may even be competition. The two sides are bring forthing more attractive tools and options that were neer at that place earlier. Peoples are hence in a bind whether to use either of the two to accomplish their intent. One addition of telecommunications in the engineering and monetary value war is a loss for the transit services and frailty versa. But in all. the general form of convenience and lowered monetary value for the two services will besides connote addition of people wh o may be enticed to go endorsers or consumers with greater information and fiscal freedom people are sing with the economic growing in approaching old ages ( Niles. 1976 ) . On the other manus. if current tendencies continue in the hereafter. the existent monetary value of international will travel down or stay at a comparatively stable rate. In the instance of sudden addition in the cost of international travel caused by a great demand on the service. effects of geopolitical alterations and natural catastrophes. the permutation of telecommunications for the accomplishment of transit intents is clearly expected. It is non merely attractive in the economic and logistic point-of-view but besides in visible radiation of the current realisation for more environmentally friendly activities such as the decrease of nursery gases and energy preservation ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . Tourism has been the Jesus for the travel industry. International or world-renowned topographic points are pulling more and more tourers due chiefly through the aid of advanced telecommunications. Pictures of tourer attractive forces in Internet advertizements or viva-voce publicities through the usage of telephone services can merely add to the demand for travel for touristry. The universe is acquiring smaller for tourers with the add-on of flights to antecedently restricted parts. International travellers have the option of drawn-out holidaies or frequent jaunts due to the tremendous provender and ingestion of information in nomadic phones. telephones and the Internet. All factors considered. so. telecommunications and international travel were proven to hold risen together through many past technological developments. geopolitical events and natural and semisynthetic catastrophes. There is no compelling grounds at present to believe that bing and prospective events will well alter that correlativity. Mentions Clark. D. and K Unwin. ( 1981 ) . Telecommunications and travel: Potential impact in rural countries. Journal of Regional Surveies. Frew. Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . Publications and communications engineering research in the travel and touristry sphere: Position and way.Journal of Travel Research. Vol. 39. No. 2. 136-145. Garrison. William and Elizabeth Deakin. ( 1988 ) . Travel. work. and telecommunications: A position of the electronics revolution and its possible impacts. †Transportation Research A. Vol. 22A. No. 4. pp. 81-95 Jack M. Nilles. ( 1976 ) . Telecommunications-transportation trade-off: Options for tomorrow. . New York: John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. Massey. D. S. . Arango. Joaquin. Graeme. Hugo. Kouaouci. Ali. Pellegrino. Adela and Taylor. J. Edward ( 2005 ) .Universes in Gesture: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. New York: Oxford. Mokhtarian. Patricia L. ( 1990 ) . A typology of relationships between telecommunications and transit. †Transportation ResearchVol. 24A. No. 3. pp. 231-242. Mokhtarian. P. L. . and I. Salomon. ( 1997 ) . Emerging travel forms: Do telecommunications do a difference? Resource Paper. Presented at the 8th Meeting of the International Association for Travel Behavior Research. Austin. Texas. Sept. 21–25. 1997. Mokhtarian. Patricia L. ( 2003 ) . Telecommunications and travel: The instance of complementarity.Journal of Industrial EcologyVolume 6. Number 2. Nile rivers. J. ( 1994 ) . Beyond teleworking: A new paradigm for the consequence of telecommunications on travel. Report No. DOE/ER-0626. U. S. Department of Energy. Offices of Energy Research. Retrieved April 2. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lbl. gov/ICSD/Niles. Nile rivers. John S. . and Paul A. Toliver. ( 1992 ) . IVHS engineering for bettering ridesharing.Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society of America.May 1992. Olson. Margrethe H. ( 1983 ) . Remote office work: changing work forms in infinite and clip. Communicationss of the ACM. New York: ACM Press. Salomon. I. ( 1998 ) . Technological alteration and societal prediction: The instance of telecommuting as a travel replacement.Transportation ResearchVol. 6. No. 1/2. pp. 17–45. Salomon. I. ( 1986 ) . Telecommunications and travel relationships: A reappraisal.Transportation Research A( no. 3 ) : 223-38. Salomon. I. . and J. Schofer. ( 1991 ) . Transportation system and telecommunications costs: Some deductions of geographical graduated table.The Annals of Regional ScienceVol. 25. No. 1 United Nations World Tourism Organization. ( 2006 ) . International touristry up by 5. 5 % to 808 million reachings in 2005.World Tourism Barometer. Vol. 4 No. 1.

How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians

How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians Introduction The book of First John has received relatively less attention from biblical scholars compared to other sections of the gospel. Part of this diminished attention stems from the ambiguity regarding the role of the Holy Spirit in the book of First John. Here, critics often say the book of John undermines the prominence and role of the Holy Spirit in Christians’ lives. For example, Nissen argues that the gospel speaks little of the Holy Spirit and does not portray it as a key theme.1Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fears are rife that, from the abstract understanding of the portrayal of the Holy Spirit in the gospel of John, many people will understand it as a lower case issue, hence refer to it as the â€Å"spirit,† as opposed to â€Å"holy spirit.† Although such fears are rife, the true question that arises in this analysis is if the book according to John de-emphasizes the prominence of the Holy Spirit. This paper shows that this belief is false because the apostle firmly entrenches the Holy Spirit in the life of Christians and believers alike. To affirm this claim, this paper draws a connection between the Holy Spirit and Christ. It also shows that the Holy Spirit is central to the rebirth of Christians (baptism) and helps them to live according to the word of God. The importance of this investigation stems from a careful consideration of the critical role that the Holy Spirit plays in the spiritual nourishment of Christians. Moreover, The apostle John emphasizes the importance of the holy spirit in his biblical teachings. Therefore, contrary to the opinion of some observers, this paper argues that the book of John shows that the Holy Spirit is critical to the nourishment of Christians’ lives. The Background Some biblical scholars believe t hat some people have misrepresented the role of the Holy Spirit in the book of John because of its ambiguous depiction in the gospel.2 In fact, their views show that most of these misrepresentations have brought a cessation from the orthodox view of the same issue. The secessionist group that has promoted this view has merged into a larger movement known as â€Å"second century Gnosticism.†3 This view largely explains the departure of the heretics (2:19) because they believed they were the sole confidants of the true recipients and guardians of the spiritual truth, which was supposed to explain the role of the Holy Spirit. In line with this view, the Apostle John draws a connection between his teachings with the true anointing. In the same breadth, he warns believers against false prophets who may purport to be preaching the word of God. Based on these highlights, we find that the main conflict regarding the portrayal of the role of the Holy Spirit emerged from John’s pneumatological community. The apostle combats this issue on two fronts. First, he explains the important role of the Holy Spirit on Christ’s life on earth. He did so because some people considered Jesus’ life to lack salvific importance.4 Relative to this view, the Holy Spirit bears witness to the historical Jesus.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This reference is particularly associated with the baptism and resurrection of Christ. Besides showing the important role of the Holy Spirit in Jesus’ life, John also shows the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer. Relative to this assertion he says a true believer cannot benefit from the fruits of salvation without the power of the Holy Spirit. Secondly, he claims that, without the Holy Spirit, a true believer would not distinguish truth from error, or live in truth in the firs t place. These issues are the true highlights of authentic Pneumatology that characterized the gospel according to John. Connection between the Spirit and Christ According to Kostenberg, John compares the spirit with the earthly life of Jesus Christ and his sacrificial death for the sins of humanity.5 He drew this comparison because the heretics did not consider the life of Jesus to be significant for salvation and daily experience. In verse 5: 6-8, the apostle John called on all people to heed to the word of God because of his saving work on the cross.6 Some verses are difficult to interpret in this form.7 Particularly, 1John 5:6 highlights the difficulty in understanding this message. There are three main viewpoints here. The first stems from the view of the blood and water, which symbolizes Christ’s crucifixion and the last supper. The main message in this verse is the importance of Christ’s death as a sacrifice for humanity. The events that follow his death are sim ilarly important because John does not pretend to defend the ordnances; instead; he attempts to anchor the resurrection of Jesus Christ into history. Stated differently, he is defending the incarnation of Jesus indirectly. The second view comes from the same verse (19:34-35) where the scriptures refer to the blood and water that poured out of Jesus’ body during his crucifixion.8 The premise for this verse is the defense of Christ’s crucifixion, especially for those who would still deny him after his death. In this regard, John is arguing that the crucifixion of Christ is the main redemption in the life of a believer and not the baptism of Jesus Christ. However, as Nissen observes, there are fundamental problems with this analysis.9 First, the representation of the water is three fold. In the first instance, the water refers to Christ’s baptism by water. The death of Jesus Christ and the blood he poured for sinners outline the second representation of the water. Here John draws a close relation between the blood shed for the sinners and the water associated with his baptism and resurrection. The last manifestation differentiates water and blood by showing that blood symbolized Christ’s death (crucifixion) and water symbolized his baptism.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on these assessments, the apostle John is defending a few important truths. The first is that Jesus Christ is the same divine Christ and the Holy Spirit. In this regard, he does not support the ontological separation of the two. John supports a second truth, which suggests that the same person whom he baptized is also the same person who died on the cross. The acceptance of Jesus Christ emerged through his defeat of death and the fulfillment of his purpose of earth. This glorificat ion occurred after his death and resurrection. This understanding contradicts the view of some people who believe that Christ came upon the â€Å"human Jesus† after his baptism and departed his human self after his death. However, John shows that the Holy Spirit bears the historicity of these events because when combined with the testimony of the Holy Spirit, there is little contention that Jesus and the son of God (Christ) are the same. The Holy Spirit and the Life of the Believer In the book of John, the apostle rejects the views of the heretics by saying that the Holy Spirit is an integral part of the life of a believer.10 Particularly, he draws attention to the role of the Holy Spirit in four aspects of a Christian’s life. The first part is the rebirth of a Christian. The second part is in assuring believers of the promise of an eternal life. The third and fourth parts involve helping believers to remain in the truth and in the discernment of truth and error. The f ollowing sections outline the role of the Holy Spirit in these four parts of a Christian’s life. The Spirit and the New Birth The book of John portrays the Holy Spirit as an agent of the new birth. Similarly, it portrays it as the epitome of the new birth. However, these depictions are not apparent in the scriptures. For example, they are not apparent in First John 3:9. Some readers have singled out this verse for its difficulty in interpretation.11 However, the work of God and his purpose for human beings stems from people’s understanding that they have to live according to his word. Similarly, it emerges in reference to the â€Å"seed.† An extrapolation of the verse reads, â€Å"Everyone who is born of God does not commit sin because his seed abides in him, and he is not able to sin because of God he is born.†12 From this verse, clearly, John argues that, â€Å"born of seed† and â€Å"born of God† are similar. Nonetheless, this similarity has not been apparent to many people because the term, â€Å"seed† has been contentious for many people. However, many people interpret the seed to mean the word of God. To support this view, it is crucial to look outside the book of John and investigate what other books in the bible speak of the subject.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the book of James and Peter speak of this issue. Nonetheless, Mills says these passages fail to associate the â€Å"seed† with the begetting of the Christian.13 Mill views the seed as the Holy Spirit, because he says John’s original readers would easily identify it with the foundational born of God passage.14 This view is borrowed from (John 1:12; 3:3–6). In John 3:5, it is difficult to miss the link between the phrase â€Å"born of God† and the holy spirit. Based on this understanding, the apostle John projects the Holy Spirit at the start of the Christian experience. The idea behind this assertion is the understanding that the Holy Spirit gives life. Here, the flesh profits from nothing. Therefore, people should understand the regeneration of God’s children in connection with the Holy Spirit. This understanding reinforces the view that the spirit is the seed. To support this assertion, Mill suggests, â€Å"†¦The immediate conte xt suggests that the seed†¦is simply a part of John’s now familiar divine birth terminology: (2 times in 3:9). Divine birth employing God’s seed echoes John 3:3ff., where such birth is also discussed in terms of the Spirit. Therefore, the seed in 1 John 3:9 is a symbol of the Spirit in a crude though legitimate application of the regeneration metaphor.†15 Besides the above-mentioned uses of the word â€Å"seed,† John does not use it in other places within his scriptures. However, it carries an important idea – reproduction. Its paternal characteristics stem from the portrayals of God as the Father of all children of God. In this regard, belivers are encouraged to live in the likeness of God. Moreover, the scriptures show that the â€Å"seed† is the true beginning of the believer’s transformation. This statement speaks of the believer’s fellowship and union with the father. Through this relationship, they enjoy the benefits of eternal life. Mills adds, â€Å"The imagery of begetting is the corollary of the Johannine emphasis on the Christian’s possessing God’s eternal life, an image carried to the point of speaking of God’s seed.† 16 The power of regeneration as depicted in the role of the Holy Spirit also manifests in two contexts that underlie the concept of rebirth. The first context is the distinction between righteousness and love because this is what the scripture uses to distinguish the children of God from the children of the devil. The virtues of righteousness and love manifests in 5:11-12. Subsequent verses also emphasize it. When referring to the concept of righteousness and love, John still refutes the views of the heretics who argued that righteousness and love were not important tenets of the spiritual life. This is why in the book of John, the apostle claims that God will not consider anyone who is unrighteous and possesses hate as a child of God. The Spirit a nd Assurance The Book of John encourages believers to understand that they are the true beneficiaries of eternal life. The apostle positions the Holy Spirit at the center of this assurance in 3:24 and 4:13. This understanding also manifests in the Greek text, which emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit in giving believers eternal life. This understanding manifests in the verse 3:24, which says â€Å"And we know by this that He abides in us, by the Spirit which He has given us.†17 Through this scripture, John reveals that Christ abides in his believers and his believers abide in him through the connection that they share through the Holy Spirit. Through this statement, the Holy Spirit plays important roles in a believer’s life. For example, it refers to fellowship with God and asserts the incarnation of Jesus Christ. These two roles lead believers to confide in him and make them have improved confidence in the coming of the judgment day. In this regard, Mills argues th at â€Å"Just as in 3,24 the Spirit is the ultimate source of peace of heart (3,19–24) and the answering of our petitions (3,22), so in 4,13 the same Spirit is the source of our confidence on the day of judgment (4,17) and of the absence of fear.†18 In line with the above statement, the Apostle John says that the Holy Spirit gives believers the assurance that on judgment day, their confidence should not come from their outward profession or freshly generated acts of love and righteousness, but from the Holy Spirit who gives them the power to implement and safeguard these virtues. In this regard, a believer knows that his/her confidence during judgment day will not come from their personal convictions and knowledge of their lives, but from the Holy Spirit. According to Thiselton, of importance is the role of the Holy Spirit in allowing believers to seek fellowship with God.19 This mediation is synonymous with the concept of eternal life. In fact, according to Kostenberg , the concept of the Holy Spirit and assurance refers to this basic idea in two ways.20 The first way is the role of the Holy Spirit in mediating how Jesus abides in the lives of believers and how believers abide in God’s ways. The Holy Spirit is the possession of true believers and sits at the apex of believers’ fellowship with God. The apostle John also confirms this narrative by saying the possession of the Holy Spirit makes believers aware of their union with their father. It also gives them assurance that they are possessors of God’s life and that God will accept them as â€Å"being in Christ.†This sense of awareness is not subjective because it is more inclined with understanding the word of God and its appropriation in the lives of believers. The Spirit and Remaining in the Truth The Apostle John highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of believers by saying it safeguards them against apostasy.21 He says this safeguard occurs under the c oncept of anointing. Other biblical scholars say it emerges with reference to the last hour and the redemption that awaits believers before the last coming of the Messiah.22 The gospel also believes that the last hour coincides with the proliferation of multiple false prophets. These false prophets announce a departure from Christ and his word because John warns us that most of these false prophets would emerge from the church. He also characterizes the activities of these false prophets by denial and deception. Furthermore, he says that they do not have the Holy Spirit, because it would have guided them to â€Å"be of God.† Here, he says that the Holy Spirit likeness believers to God, and without it, there are no bonds of communion between the two parties. Therefore, the false prophets stand in sharp contrast to what John expects of people who have the Holy Spirit. In this regard, the Apostle John teaches us that the Holy Spirit relies on origin, character, and communion whe n helping people to remain in the truth. Again, the apostle differs with the heterics who say Jesus Christ is not the divine Christ by arguing that the Holy Spirit does not possess them and neither do they have the spirit of the father, or the son. Stated differently, they are not possessed with eternal life. The deception of the anti-Christ is set forth in 2:26, which shows how false prophets deceive people by leading them away from the path of the antichrist. With respect to the concept of anointing, biblical scholars have held three main views. One view provides a close relation between the anointing and the Holy Spirit. Here, John tells the believers that the Holy Spirit is the one that would guide them to live in the word of God. In light of this assertion, the anointing role of the Holy Spirit is inescapable. Therefore, it is okay to associate the Holy Spirit with the anointing role. At the same time, it is similarly important to associate the word with the Holy Spirit. The ab iding presence of the anointing helps believers to overcome the unwarranted deception of the gospel as propagated by the antichrists. Comprehensively, when trying to understand the role of the Holy Spirit as an instrument to help Christians remain in truth, it is similarly important to understand the presence of the Holy Spirit under the image of anointing. The anointing serves different purposes in a Christian’s life. First, it shows the role of the Holy Spirit as a teacher. Secondly, it highlights the role of the holy spirit as a protector (protects believers from apostasy) by abiding in them. In this regard, the Holy Spirit allows the believers to know God because it mediates between God and the believers. Similarly, the Holy Spirit helps to invalidate the knowledge conveyed by the false prophets. It helps to do so by providing Christians with true knowledge of God. Therefore, the anointing of the Holy Spirit is essential for all believers. Holy Spirit and Baptism Baptism is often associated with the apostle John.23 In some biblical texts, baptism refers to the death of a believer’s â€Å"old self,† as it signifies rebirth. It is evident that the people who accepted baptism also accepted the Messiah, whom John advanced in his teachings. After baptism, the event would later culminate in baptism by the Holy Spirit. Stated differently, although baptism by water was symbolic, the consummation of the event occurred through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. There is no mistake in this analysis because John declared that he saw the Holy Spirit descend upon him during the baptism. He highlights this event five times in his teachings. Through the same teachings, Christians witness the death of the messiah and the effects that follow his defeat of the death. Conclusion This paper started by showing the ambiguous nature of the role of the holy spirit in a Christian’s life. It showed that, unlike other biblical texts, the role of the Holy Sp irit was unclear in the book of John. This ambiguity has often led some researchers to believe that the gospel of John diminishes the role of the Holy Spirit in a Christian’s life. However, this paper shows that this belief is false because the apostle firmly entrenches the Holy Spirit in the life of Christians and believers alike. To affirm this claim, this paper has shown a connection between the Holy Spirit and Christ. It has also shown that the Holy Spirit is central to the rebirth of Christians (baptism) and in their attempt to live according to the word of God. Stated differently, the Holy Spirit abides in believers). By abiding with the Lord’s word, John also reassures believers that they will enjoy the fruits of eternal life on judgment day. In this regard, he says believers should have confidence in the Holy Spirit that they would reap the fruits of abiding by the word of God. Collectively, these analyses show that the role of the Holy Spirit is clear in the g ospel according to John. Indeed, all excerpts of this paper show that the Holy Spirit is central to the life of the believer. References Bevere, John. The Holy Spirit: An Introduction. New York: Messenger International, 2013. Carson, Donald. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: WM Erdmans, 1990. Kostenberg, Andreas. Encounter John: The Gospel in Historical, Literary and Theological  Perspective. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013. Mills, Donald. â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John.† DBSJ 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 33–50. Nissen, Johannes. The Gospel of John and the Religious Quest: Historical and Contemporary  Perspectives. New York: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013. Thiselton, Anthony. The Holy Spirit In Biblical Teaching, Through the Centuries, and Today. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013. Footnotes 1 Johannes Nissen, The Gospel of John and the Religious Quest: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (New York: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013), 116-12 0. 2 Anthony Thiselton, The Holy Spirit In Biblical Teaching, Through the Centuries, and Today (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013), 144-150. 3 Thiselton, The Holy Spirit, 144. 4 John Bevere, The Holy Spirit: An Introduction (New York: Messenger International, 2013) 12-19. 5 Andreas Kostenberg, Encounter John: The Gospel in Historical, Literary and Theological Perspective (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013), 57-65. 6 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 57. 7 Donald Carson, The Gospel According to John (Grand Rapids: WM Erdmans, 1990), 64-65. 8 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 58. 9 Nissen, The Gospel of John, 117. 10 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65. 11 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65. 12 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65. 13 Donald Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† DBSJ 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 33–50. 14 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 33. 15 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 39. 16 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spir it in 1 John,† 39. 17 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 40. 18 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 42. 19 Thiselton, The Holy Spirit, 144. 20 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 58. 21 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 58. 22 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 42. 23 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65.

English Legal System, Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English Legal System, Coursework - Essay Example The main feature of the English legal system is that it is living and constantly evolving to work in the future as well as it did in the past1. Thus the single most unique feature of the English legal system is its inheritance from common law2. Most of the characteristics commonly linked to English law and its management of righteousness are traceable to the early on growth in Western Europe of the civil and common law customs. According to Goodman (1995), "several characteristic consequences flow from the fact that law did not emanate from one centralised authority such as papacy, king or parliament. The odd growth of the common law in England developed it appears from a coincidence resemblance of the implementation after the Norman take-over by consecutive monarchs of native customs as the foundation for the governance of justice. Conflict assessment, chiefly concerning land title, was a key function for justice. Judges were nominated by the king to tour the country and decide controversies, aided by a local adjudicator included by the Normans into operational royal courts. The trial accepted a key role in the settlement of disputes. Wilson (1995) states that "Everyone takes for granted the fact that law and legal systems differ in different countries. But it is also true of legal scholarship. One reason for this is the different responsibilities legal scholars have in different countries for the maintenance and development of the local law...One result is that legal scholars in different countries may have different agendas and this may affect the subject matter, scope and even the form and style of the local legal scholarship." (Source: http://www.chriswallis.com/uni/cnlaw231l01.pdf accessed on November 5 2009). To bring about a faith to the law the courts followed the principle of stare Decisis.3 This is referred to as the doctrine of precedent. The courts are divided into two (IALS Conference, Learning from Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World). They are: i. Superior courts; ii. Inferior courts. The House of Lords is the superior court but it is a UK court since it practices appellate authority for all the three legal systems.4 The Superior Courts are known as the Supreme Court from November 2009. The Supreme Court consists of the High Court, the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal (IALS Conference, Learning from Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World). The doctrine of precedent's role in the English legal system is very important since common law is a vital basis of law in the English legal system. This is opposite to the European legal system as it is founded on legal examples and possibilities. A lot of stages of study have to be conducted under a common law jurisdiction so that it can be understood as to what the law is. The facts of the law have to be understood first and then any relevant statutes or legal cases have to be located. Finally the principles 3. Meaning "let the decision stand". 4. However the jurisdiction is not universal. For example, whilst there is a right of appeal to the House of Lords against civil actions in Scotland no such right exists for criminal matters. and the decisions used in the case are used for the future

Parents with learning disabilities and child protection Literature review

Parents with learning disabilities and child protection - Literature review Example This survey also revealed the fact that 48 per cent of these parents did not look after their children themselves. According to Booth (2000), there is a sizeable population of parents with special needs that the health and social services have not adequately addressed so far. In as many as 50 per cent of the total cases, children of such parents are taken away from them generally because of the concerns for the well-being of the children and lack of the care and attention that they need as they live with their parents (Tarleton, Ward, and Howarth, 2006, p. v). This imparts the need to study the tendency of parents with learning disabilities to be good parents and to provide their children with the protection they need with adequate support from the numerous agencies, entities, and organizations that render such services for these parents. The negative coverage by press and reports discussing the concerns for children’s welfare and the inadequacies in techniques of parenting ex acerbate this (Kroese et al, 2002). Consequently, parents with learning disabilities might need to prove to the concerned authorities that they have all the necessary qualities and skills to be a perfect parent. Nevertheless, even the definition of good parenting is inherently debatable especially in a society in which views and standards change frequently. Most of the research conducted to date focuses upon inability of parents with learning disabilities to parent their children and the risks assumed by their children while the research on their capabilities to be a perfect parent is limited (Wade et al, 2008). The non-specification of the learning disability level, lack of common standards of parental competence, and small sizes of sample induce flaws in many studies. This topic relates to the social work because it addresses the concerns and well-being

Models of Lesson Planning for Mathematics

Models of Lesson Planning for Mathematics Introduction Planning the word it contains more weightage as compared to any other word. We can only achieve any target often a proper planning strategy. In planning what is target to achieve is our goal with the available resources. Planning also plays an important role in teaching-learning process. While, doing a proper planning in teaching the class environment got relaxed, teacher enjoys the teaching because the atmosphere as well the situations are properly arranged. By doing an intelligent planning a teacher avoids frustrations. Classroom transactions are also got smooth by using the strategies in a proper manner. Planning for Instructional Process Need for Planning Teaching occupies the central core of your life as a teacher. The teaching includes instruction in classroom tutorials, laboratory, workshops, and excursions, etc. Where teaching is not just an activity to transfer the education to the student but it involves modification in the behavior of the student. While planning, teacher must keep in mind the emphasis may be given to equal Weightage to all the content, not that one should given more focus and other is ignored completely. Presentation of material in a logical, systematic, and effective way The planning must cover the adequate coverage of subject matter The objective may be achieved in the given time The time factor and effort must be low and relevant The strategies must involve maximum development of child in minimum resources Advantages of Planning Planning means systematic organization of subject matter, better utilization and proper presentation of the resource: It fosters self-confidence and pride in our work The aids are properly explained and used by teacher Planning for one subject helps in integrating with other subjects A wide development in thinking about teaching is helpful to bring an order of teaching. Strategies for Planning Systematic planning of teaching work requires systematic organization of time in the institution. This could be done on long term and short term basis. Long term Planning: Long term planning may be termed as academic work planning that is it for a whole which is to come yet. List of holidays for schools including restricted, gazettes etc. As well as the different program to be organize by the school in the coming year that is activities to be organized as per the festivals as well as the tour and trips for the students. All teachers are allotted with their concerned subjects to be taught by them for the whole year, so that teachers may frame out their plan according to their need. Such plan give a ordered and fresh look to teaching learning practice in school as it was organized at the beginning. Teachers also plan theory courses as well as for practical activities, projects, and science exhibitions etc. Now we can say that a yearly plan is based on course purpose, course concepts, units, lessons, and evaluation items. Short term Planning: There are the specific activities which are planned by teacher for making their teaching effective which includes framing the lesson plan, use of teaching aid, in between so that the time may be utilized properly while delivering the lesson. Deciding the time limit, appropriate examples, real life incidence, use of appropriate aid all are included in it. Designs of Lesson Planning Defining a Lesson The term lesson is described in many ways by different educationists or teachers. A teacher takes teaching as a job to cover syllabus in the classroom; every class has 6-7 periods in a day (in general, a period runs over 35-40 minutes). A lesson is defined as a blueprint, a guide map, a plan for action. Lesson is a sequencing of teaching acts or events or episode in organized manner to generate a learning environment for our students. The lesson contains topics and sub-topic with necessary contents to be taught to the students in the classroom. Definitions N.L.Bossing in his book â€Å"Teaching in Secondary Schools† proposes the following definition of a lesson plan: â€Å"Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of all achievements to be realized and specific means by which these are to be attained as a result of the activities engaged day to day under the guidance of the teacher.† The Dictionary of Education defines a lesson plan as a teaching outline of the important points of a lesson arranged in the order in which they are to be presented; it may include objectives, questions to be asked, references to materials, evaluation, assignments, etc. Now you must be clear in mind that lesson planning is a product of short term or micro level planning involving: Identification of definite objectives, Selection of appropriate content and activities, Selection of procedures and methods for presentation of the content, Selection of evaluation exercises and Selection of follow up activities, etc. Approaches to Lesson Planning Generally various approaches are used to make a lesson plan. These approaches are Herbartian approach, Unit approach, Evaluation approach, and Project approach. A brief description is provided:- Herbartian Approach is based on apperceptive mass theory of learning. All the knowledge and information is to be given from outside by the teacher because the student is considered similar to a clean slate. For the students, if an old knowledge makes a base for new knowledge (his previous knowledge or experiences), it may be acquired easily and retained for a longer period. Herbart has given five steps:- Introduction, Presentation, Organistation, Comparison, and evaluation. The main focus is on content presentation. Unit Approach of Morrison is based on unit transaction and planning. The Morrison’s lesson plan of teaching is cyclic; Morrison has given five steps for his ‘cyclephase’ of teaching:- Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organisation, and Recitation. Evaluation Approach of B.S. Bloom in evaluation approach, education is objective centered not content centered. The focus in this approach is on objective based teaching and testing. It takes into consideration the learning objectives and teaching methods on the basis of the objectives and to assess learning outcomes. Then, a decision can be taken about objectives of learning are achieved or need to provide the revision. Project approach originated by Dewey and W.H.Kilpatrick stresses on group activity, social activity, self activity, and related to real life experiences. It is a pre-planned work completed by a person or group in social condition. Due to many reasons, it is not necessary that a lesson plan made by a teacher will be successful at every place and time. Many factors influence lesson planning such as Availability of teaching aids, Strength of students in the Class. Composition of the Class (Age wise). School Location (Area wise) The nature of the topic (Medium wise) etc. The list is not enough, few other factors from own experiences can be added. Writing a lesson Plan: Many written lesson plans are used by practicing teachers. A teacher needs some information about the class, students and their background before to attempt the lesson plan. In general, a Macro Lesson plan is divided into many stages/steps. We had introduced the approaches of lesson planning. Now, one can write a macro lesson plan based on different approaches. HERBARTIAN APPROACH The steps are given below: General information: regarding the topic, sub-topic, subject, time, class, and age level of children. Instructional Objectives (General Objectives and Specific Objectives): We know that at different grade levels, all subjects have general objectives, and specific objectives are written in behavioural terms. Specific Objectives focuses on the expected outcomes of teaching and the topic in a given time period. These specific objectives also known as instructional objectives, which are observable and measurable. It is required to identify the behavioural objectives and state these objectives in a clear and simple language. Instructional Aids: The development of a new lesson plan is based on the standard and knowledge of students. Instructional are used by the teacher to make understand the chapter or topic easily. One picture delivers the message of thousand words. Teacher assumes that the previous knowledge of students related to the content can test and teaching will become easy through aids. Introduction: in this step topic is introduced mainly through introductory questions or by creating the appropriate situations. New knowledge or information of students is linked with their previous knowledge by assuming and testing. Presentation: In presentation the ways of relevant content is presented. A teacher develops the lesson Plan by asking many questions and receiving responses presented by the students’. Students’ response helps the teacher for further presentation of the content. The presentation stage is interactive in the real classroom situation. It depends on teachers’ communication and teaching skills like questioning, explaining, giving demonstration and providing reinforcement on desirable student behaviour. Recapitulation: This step helps the teacher to find out the extent of learning that occurs during instruction. The teacher does this by asking several questions. This stage provides feedback to the teacher about the teaching learning process. Blackboard summary: In the classroom during the instruction, the board is used by the teacher to write the teaching points, summary and explanations. Board is used simultaneously when lesson is being delivered in the classroom. Home Assignment: At last, in the end of the teaching session, thought provoking, suitable questions or activities must be planned and given to the students. It gives a chance of revision or practice to the students. Home assignment also gives an opportunity to students to assimilate, whatever they have learned. 3. EVALUATION APPROACH The design of lesson plan according to this approach consists of three aspects: Input, Process and Output. Input: It contains the identification of objectives in behavioral terms. These are known as Expected Behavioural Outcomes (EBOs). During this the entering behavior of the learners is also identified. With the help of instructional objectives, the sequence of instructional procedure is determined. These objectives are classified into four categories: Knowledge, Understanding, Application and Creativity. These objectives can be transformed in behavioural terms. Process: This is an interactive stage when teacher actually communicating with students in the classroom. For effective presentation of the content, teacher has to choose different teaching strategies, audio-visual, and all support materials. Output: This aspect of instructional procedure refers to real learning outcomes (RLOs). This is equivalent to terminal behaviour which is measured by using oral and written questions. This aspect is considered for measuring of the desirable change in behaviour of students. Illustration of Lesson Plan Format of Presentation: Effective teaching needs proper planning, transaction in the classroom and feedback. Practically there are three stages of a planned lesson: Pre-active, Interactive, and Post- Active. Pre-active stage is a stage of planning before going to the classroom. The Interactive stage is a stage of interaction between teacher and students in the real classroom situation. Post active stage is a stage of self evaluation of our teaching work. There is not be a single format for writing a lesson plan because it varies from teacher to teacher and subject to subject, the only thing which can be suggested is that it should be a well-organised structure, it follows basic fundamental parts of a lesson. Some of the formats based on different approaches to lesson planning. Teachers’ are free to make changes according to the objectives you plan to achieve and the nature of the subject etc. (i) Herbartian Lesson Plan Format Subject: Date: Unit: School: Topic: Class: Duration: Period: General Objectives: Specific Objectives: Teaching Aids: Method: Previous Knowledge: Introduction: Statement of the Topic/Aim: Presentation or Development of the Lesson: OR Recapitulation: Black Board Summary: Home Assignment: Reference: Note: Order of S. No. 1 to 5 may be changed according to your needs. In presentation/development objectives, teaching-learning activities and evaluation are in relation to particular teaching point/content. If evaluation of students learning is done for each teaching act/episode, then you may ignore recapitulation at the fag end of the lesson. Black board summary should be developed as the lesson progresses. ii) Blooms or Evaluation Lesson Plan Format Subject: Date: Unit: School: Lesson: Class: Duration: Specific Objectives: Previous Knowledge: Introduction: Statement of the Topic/Aim: Presentation: 6) Evaluation: 7) Home Work: 8) References: Note The objectives are to be written in behavioural terms. The teaching activities are to be related to the learning structures. Black Board Summary should be developed as the lesson progresses. iii) RCEM Lesson Plan Format Date: Subject: School: Unit: Class: Topic/Lesson: Duration: Concepts : Teaching Aids : Previous Knowledge : Introduction: Statement of the Aim/Topic : Presentation: Black Board Summary: Home Assignment: References: Note RCEM is Regional College of Education, Mysore. Concepts are to be identified through content analysis. Black Board Summary to be developed as the lesson progresses. Characteristics of Lesson Plan You may plan your lesson based on any format discussed above, but a good lesson plan must have following characteristics: It must be flexible; Its contents are organized in the light of attainable objectives; It is rich with respect to students activities and evaluation exercises; It has link with the previous and future lesson; It includes relevant home assignment and activities for students.