In Favor of Lowering the Drinking Age to 18 :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

ProblemA person should be able to drink legally at the eon of eighteen. The law that states that it is legal for a person to drink at the age of twenty-one should be changed so that an eighteen-year-old would be allowed to drink alcohol legally. At 18, you are now an adult and you are expected to act that way. Legally you can vote, get married, buy a lottery ticket, serve in the soldiers and be tried as an adult in the United States court system. These are very important responsibilities that are yours to take care of when you become an adult. well grieflet them also take the responsibility for the consumption of an adult beverage (Conway 2000).Solutions In order to lower the drinking age from 21 to 18, I would1) invent laws in other states and countries as examples.We should look to the European countries as an example to solve our problems in the United States. The Europeans teach their children to respect alcohol from an early age (Conway 2000). Theses countries do not have t he minimum age of consumption at 21 and this has been proven to make a difference. There is less small drinking because drinking is part of their culture and lifestyle. It starts in the household with their family and they are taught to drink smart and socially. Social drinking is acceptable it is a time to have fun plot of land still being in control.New Zealand changed their legal age to 18 in 1989. The slogan Youre not just a teen when youre 18 shows that the New Zealand government is taking the change very seriously and so should the men and women that are of the legal age. Maybe the United States should look some the world to try and solve our own problems. Isnt it ironic that the United States has the highest minimum drinking age and for some strange reason the largest problem with underage consumption (Toomey & Rosenfeld, 1996)? This statement in itself should be one very good point when considering the change of the legal age to 18. 2)Alcohol Consumption among minors som e(prenominal) might look at this report and argue that at least the amount of alcohol consumption is decreasing among young people since the drinking age has been increased, but what most dont know is that this has actually been occurring since about 1980. This was long before the states were required to raise the drinking age.

Mother Daughter Relationships - Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Mothers and Daughters in Joy Luck Club Amy Tans novel, The Joy Luck Club, explores the relationships and experiences of intravenous feeding Chinese mothers and four Chinese-American young womans. The difference in upbringing of those women born during the first quarter of this century in China, and their daughters born in California, is undeniable. From the beginning of the novel, you hear Suyuan appeal tell the story of The Joy Luck Club, a group started by some Chinese women during World War II, where we feasted, we laughed, we played games, lost and won, we told the best stories. And severally week, we could hope to be lucky. That hope was our only joy. (p. 12) Really, this was their only joy. The mothers grew up during perilous times in China. They all were taught to desire nothing, to swallow other peoples misery, to eat their take in bitterness. (p. 241) Though not many of them grew up terribly poor, they all had a certain respect for their elders, and for life itself. Th ese Chinese mothers were all taught to be honorable, to the point of sacrificing their take lives to keep any family members promise. Instead of their daughters, who can promise to come to dinner, but if she wants to watch a favorite movie on TV, she no longer has a promise (p. 42), To Chinese people, fourteen carats isnt real gold . . . my bracelets must be twenty-four carats, pure inside and out. (p. 42) Towards the end of the book, there is a definite define between the differences of the two generations. Lindo Jong, whose daughter, Waverly, doesnt even know four Chinese words, describes the complete difference and incompatibility of the two worlds she tried to connect for her daughter, American circumstances and Chinese character. She explains that there is no lasting shame in being born in America, and that as a minority you are the first in striving for scholarships. Most importantly, she notes that In America, nobody says you have to keep the circumstances somebody else g ives you. (p. 289) Living in America, it was easy for Waverly to accept American circumstances, to grow up as any other American citizen. As a Chinese mother, though, she also wanted her daughter to learn the importance of Chinese character. She tried to teach her Chinese-American daughter How to obey parents and listen to your mothers mind.

Comparing Brave New World and George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four (198

Aldous Huxleys survive New gentlemans gentleman is more relevant today than George Orwells 1984. Although both of the both totalitarian societies are based on plausible premises, the Utopia depicted in Brave New World still has a chance of appearing today, magic spell the Big Brother-dominated society created by Orwell, being based to some extent on the totalitarian societies that existed at the time of the books inception, is simply obsolete. Brave New World persists more believable in modern times because the events that led up to the creation of Huxleys Utopia have the greater chance of occurring tomorrow. In both novels, the consanguinity of the totalitarian society is brought on by a catastrophic contend that probably involves the entire mankind. However, in 1984, the war is in the process of being fought, adult the reader the impression that somewhere in this world, there is still a non-totalitarian government which could defeat Orwells nightmarish police state. In Br ave New World, the war that preceded the creation of Utopia has long since passed it often appears as though Utopia has always existed. This makes it much more believable than Big Brother, especially since it seems more likely to occur when the world is at peace. Also, the war depicted by Brave New World contains technology that seems particularly significant in modern times. In Utopia, Western europium Controller Mustapha Mond mentions that the war preceding the inception of their society was fought using Anthrax Bombs. Because biological weapons have become more common part of military arsenals in recent years, readers of Brave New World have more reason to believe that its version of the war that starts the rise of totalitarianism could happen today. Finally, 1984 ... ... in Huxleys Brave New World, is more universal and more relevant to modern society than 1984s Big Brother. While both Utopia and Big Brother are equally plausible versions of a future society, the two were bro ught into existence by different preceding events. Also, Big Brother has a faint historical basis Orwell meant for it to reflect the totalitarianism of the communist governments that existed in his era. Huxley gives no indication in Brave New World whether Utopia echoes a particular totalitarian society in real history, allowing it to remain plausible in an era when the brutal Communist regimes that existed in Orwells time are virtually gone. Finally, Big Brother ensures its dominance by inflicting pain on dissidents while Utopia uses pleasure. Utopia, therefore, would stay in power more easily because pleasure is a more effective method of control than pain.

My worse experience Essay -- essays research papers

Some people read incredibly good luck. I do sometimes, but rarely. I could go on and on about all of the bad things that pick up happened to me, but they are not that big of a deal. There is only one occurrence that stays strong in my mind. One bright, sunny day, everything was going great, then boom, I was hit. Following this incident, many thoughts have passed through my mind. It was a confusing mess. I believe I learned something, but it has changed me in many ways also.My boyfriend, Justin, and I made plans to take a trip to the mall and to grab a bite to eat. It was a beautiful day, but neither of us wanted to drive, so we decided to take Marta. I had no money at all, so we stopped by my job at the time to pick up my paycheck. After I was finished with that, we went by which we filled with taking pictures of each other with a disposable camera Justin had. The bus pulled up and I took Justins hand and proceeded to cross the street. I have not one memory of what happened after that. I awoke in a small room with my mother crying in the background. Bright lights blinded me and I could feel the blood pouring down my face, into my eye, then falling off my chin. I could not move, I just laid there feeling paralyze and bleeding, barely conscious. A doctor hovered over me, stitching above my right eye. Then I went out again.I woke up in a dark, dank room with my mother and boyfriend beside...

Imperialism in the middle east Essays -- essays research papers

http//college.hmco.com/history/west/mckay/western_society/7e/students/outlines/ch26.htmlWestern penetration of Egypt Muhammad Ali built a new(a) state in Turkish held Egypt that attracted European traders. He drafted the peasants, reformed the government, and improved communications. The peasants lost out because the land was converted from self-sufficient distantms to large, private landholdings to grow hard currency crops for export.Ismail continued the modernization of Egypt, including the completion of the Suez furnish, but also drew the country deeply into debt. To prevent Egypt from going bankrupt, Britain and France intervened politically. Foreign financial control provoked a violent nationalistic reaction in Egypt that led to British occupation of the country until 1956.Natural ResourcesBeginning in the 1800s, imperialism was also practiced in the spirit East. The prime attraction for most European nations was the presence of vast oil fields. The machinery produced as a result of the Industrial Revolution required oil to hold the line numerous moving parts lubricated. As the internal combustion engine became more popular around 1900, oil was also needed as a fuel. Strategic LocationStrategy also played a major role in the European conquest of the Middle East through imperialism. both(prenominal) areas that Europe paid particular attention to were the Suez Canal and Palestine.Suez CanalThe French originally set out to build the Suez Canal in 1859. However, Britain soon became desirous because of the potential impact the shortcut between the Mediterranean and Red Seas could have on trade with its Indian colony. In 1875, the British wrested financial control of the Suez Canal away from the French, and eventually made all of Egypt a protectorate in 1882.PalestineAfter WWI, the newly formed League of Nations gave Great Britain a commandment over Palestine. Palestines location on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea seemed like a great prize to the British, but problems soon erupted. It became clear that both Arabs and Jews claimed the region as a homeland.Ambiguous British foreign policy heightened tensions between the two groups as each was given a conflicting engagement . For their support in WWI, Britain promised Arabs independence. Later however, in the Balfour Declaration, Britain promised to establish a national homeland for the Jews.After WWII, Palestine would b... ...English to build railroads. Increased export of cotton. Egypt = drawn more and more into the world market. Khedive became westernized, commissioned Aida from Verdi. --But all this cost $, borrowed mostly from England or France. Egypt = soon in financial trouble, temporarily relieved by selling Canal shares to England. Khedive = abdicated, replaced by a Western puppet. Nationalists rebelled, and in a pattern repe ated throughout colonial world, opposed both foreigners and government, the government for aiding foreign interest. Resistance = defeat ed by British, who stayed at that place until after WWII. Egypt = thus a British protectorate. Khedive = protected by the Britis h, who helped the Egyptian economy. --French objected strongly to British presence in Near East, for French had by far the greatest investment there. To compensate for British gains, French built a N. African empire in Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco. GBr and Germany in turn objected to Frenc h growth. Fertile railyard for WWI. --Young Turks took control of government in 1908, forced restoration of constitution, introduced many reforms. Bulgaria announced full independence, and Austria annexed Bosnia. Italy took Libya, 1912.

Mathematical Logic :: essays research papers

Mathematical logic is something that has been around for a very long time. Centuries agone Greek and other logicians tried to make sense out of numeric proofs. As time went on other people tried to do the very(prenominal) thing but using further symbols and variables. But I will get into detail about that a little later. There is also something called facility theory, which is related with this. In mathematical logic a lot of terms are used such as axiom and proofs. A lot of things in math can be proven, but there are still some things that will probably always remain theories or ideas.Mathematical system of logic is something that has a very long history behind it. It has been debated on for many centuries. If someone were to divide mathematical logic into groups they would get two major groups. two groups are very long. One is called The history of formal deduction and it goes all the way back to Aristotle and Euclid and other people who lived at that time. The other is the history of mathematical analysis which goes back to the times of Archimedes, who was in the same era as Aristotle and Euclid. These to groups or streams were separate for a long time until Newton invented Calculus, which brought Math and logic together.Somebody who studies mathematical logic and gives his or her own concepts about it is called a logician. Some well known logicians include Boole and Frege. They were trying to give a defined form to what formal deduction really was. Aristotle had already done such a thing but he had done it with language, Boole wanted to do it with only Symbols. Frege came up with Predicate Calculus.As time went on people did not make new theories as much as they used to in the time of Aristotle. They mostly concentrated on expanding on theories that have been said centuries ago, proving those theories or putting them into symbolic form.Table of Logicians*BooleFregeNewtonGdelAristotleEuclidArchimedesLeibnitz*This Table has a few of the Logicians lis ted in my bookWords that have to do with logic like and, or, not are given symbols like &, V, or an upside smooth L reversed. The Letters X, Y, Z and so on are commonly used as variables and P, Q, R are used as predicates, properties or relations.sometimes there are theories that have to do with machines that do not exist and usually have things in them that are infinite and they usually work with earn and numbers.

Australian Literature Essay

Good morning writers, students, and guests, welcome to the Y extincth Forum. Today I will be discussing the Australian identity in contemporary literature. The main question being asked today is Does contemporary literature encourage childly readers to look beyond Australian stereotypes?. I will be discussing my point of view, which will be backed up with reasons based on evidence I have found in four different Australian contemporary literature texts.Were in the 21st century, and right now there is such a huge variety of contemporary literature that encourages four-year-old adults to look beyond Australian stereotypes. In this speech I will discuss why I agree with contemporary literature encouraging young readers to look beyond Australian stereotypes. The reason I have chosen to agree with the statement is because of the proof of evidence I have found in the following texts Tomorrow When the War Began by John Marsden, Looking for Alibandi by Melina Marchetta, The Drovers Wife by Henry Lawson, and An Australian Short legend by Ryan ONeill.Body The classic Australian stereotype is very narrow a particular slang, wears cowboy hats, lives on big farms in the outback, and so forth After reviewing the screenplay to looking for Alibandi, it shows a great example of the mixed cultures Australia has, and how we can adapt opposite cultures into our own traditions. It shows this by the Italian background in Josies family. The setting also brings in the city, and landmarks, backing up the claim that the whole of Australia is non an outback. The way she dresses isnt in boots and cowboy hats but in a multi-cultural way that shows the generation she lives in, and represents her background.Tomorrow when the war began shows the underlay of the Australian stereotype. On the outside it has the average stereotype, but the personalities and emotions the characters bring, proves how much it goes beyond. The personality of an average Australian towards other countries is very country aussie but its more than that. The characters in this book show integrity, determination, and wellbeing. The book describes these main three characteristics, as well as umpteen others, which gives readers the chance to transform a more realistic interpretation. Tomorrow when the war began also describes the political view of war and represents the power of a non-democratic country.Henry Lawsons The Drovers Wife purposely took the ordinary Australians as the subject theme. He used a bush setting, and had a more realistic Australian style. But it isnt the story itself that is indulging the melodramatic dialogue that pushes past the Australian stereotype. Its not the story its self, its the hidden meaning in the text. The Drovers Wife both challenges and reinforces the Australian stereotype. This short story is simple. There isnt any grand scenes or intense rhetorical indifferences. The message that this story brings is the long bravery, hardships and perseverance that these women have. This story brings a whole new vision of Australian woman, going beyond the Australian stereotype, and brings a whole new meaning to politeness and courage.An Australian Short Story, create verbally by Ryan ONeill, is such an in-depth piece of literature. The storys artistic format brings a new meaning to Australian literature, and the typical stereotype. Ryan ONeill took a chance on this story, because he isnt an Australian. But after living in Australia for many years, he took the time to actually notice things. And with that, he chose to write what he saw and felt. And that was beyond the Australian stereotype. He chose to write in a way they almost spoke out that everyone is human, and no matter where we come from, the details we see up close, bring a whole new perspective then the ones we see far away. certainty I would like to end as I begun, with the statement that Australian contemporary literature does encourage young readers to look beyond Australian stereot ypes. Ive proven this by the evidence I have found in four different texts. I think there is great promise in Australian literature because its always evolving, new generations of writers, with new idea that will continue to shape and change the perspective of Australians.Australian literature is written artistically, not commercially and uses inescapable words and languages to embrace the implausible delight. This is provided by virtually all literature is given a boarder understanding of flock so it automatically is giving the chance for readers to look beyond stereotypes. Every character in stories are individuals, and its only the author who choses weather or not they are going to push the boundaries of the average stereotype. The only way for them not to go beyond is weather they are making a statement around the stereotype or just in face that they are poor authors.So read up, and fill your minds with inexplicable wonder of Australian minds, and learn to understand the meani ng of the way they live and the passions they desire.

Reputation

Michael Sells 10/29/2012 Period3rd Reputation judge In life today there are numerous throng that ease up different views on account. Reputation could be a desired intimacy to for people that worry about what people think of them. In a reversal view of write up, some people dont care what people think about them and go on about their life being who they truly are. All throughout history athletes in sports are sometimes viewed by their reputation and what others think about them.With good reputation people will look up to them and follow them in their life to try to be alike them, and a lot of athletes love that. Athletes with bad reputations are most of the time, very dis-liked. An example of that would be Terrell Owens, because people see him on and off the field peck talking and being cocky everywhere he goes and the majority of the people hate that and start to get mad when they see him because of his reputation. In my opinion reputation is an important thing to have in lif e. With a good reputation, one would be treated better by people, better liked, and go further in life.I say that because, if there is an opportunity in persons job where they can get a raise or move up from the federal agency they are in, that person is more likely to succeed in that, than a person with a bad reputation. A person with a bad reputation wont get the opportunity to be in the same position as the other person with the good reputation because they wouldnt be trusted as well. Shakespeare writes reputation is an idle and most trumped-up(prenominal) imposition, oft got without merit and lost without deserving the significance of that quote pertaining to the play is that the line is verbalise by Iago who is the villain to Cassio.Cassio at that time fallen into dishonor, causing Othello to dismiss him as an officer, and Cassio is devastated and cries out Reputation Reputation Reputation O I have lost my reputation In the part of the quote that says reputation is an idle and most false imposition.. , and Iago tries to convince Cassio is that reputation is an empty and entirely imaginary false thing. Also that many people who have a good reputation, havent done anything to earn it, which is the merit part of the quote. Then without deserving promoter that, many people who have lost reputation havent done anything to deserve the loss of it.

Hampton Machine Tool Company Essay

About The CompanyHampton Machine Tool was established in 1915 and has been manufacturing machine tools since its foundation. Hampton unions customer base is made up primarily of aircraft manufacturers and railway car manufactures in the St. Louis area. It experienced record production and profitability during the years. Sales and profitability declined in the mid-1970s with the withdrawal from Vietnam War and the oil embargo. However, the company had change the massive of gross sales by the late 1970s. The reasons of Hamptons recovery were the increasing number of military aircraft sales in both export and domestic markets, the automobile industry rising and an improvement in the economy.Summary of The ProblemHampton Machine Tool Company have problems with the re cave inment of its $1million loan due date of folk 1979. The loan was used for the stock repurchase. Thanks to the president of Hampton Company- , Mr.Cowins good reputation and the credibility in the business community and submission of projected sales and forecasted financial statements St.Louis National Bank gave the loan to the company. There were several factors caused the failure of forecast sales including firstly, the detention of delivery by the major comp unmatchednt supplier on time, secondly, the purchase of $420,000 worth of components over normal level of inventory, thirdly, problems of machines occured during the production period. On the other hand, the company plans to pay a divid peculiarity of $150,000 in 1979. Therefore, Hampton ask an superfluous loan of $350,000 till October to be paid on declination 1979 along with the initial loan AnalysisThe bank should make decision by the end of the October due to the maturity date of the initial loan. To assess the borrowers ability for the repayment Pro-forma Financial Statements, Profitability ratios, Liquidity and leverage ratios, and projected cash budget should be assessed.Projected Cash Budgets and Proforma Financial Statements yield negative results about the principal payment of the loan for December 1979. Theforecasts of this analysis are based on projected sales, one month extension of the loan and dividend payment, and starting to repay the loan early.Projected SalesIf sales projections and accounts receivables are not met, this situation go away be worse than the present one financially. But as we can see in the projected cash budget, ending cash balance in December is negative so that Hampton volition be unable to repay the loan on that time. On the other hand repayment in January will be possible with more accurate planning.Liquidity RatiosThe reason of the paradox of increasing current ratio and net working(a) capital but change magnitude quick ratio is the increasing level of inventories Activity RatiosThe average age of inventory improved as a result of an increase in inventories. The company has a stock of row materials, and there are additional inventories waiting for the production pro cess. The receviables management seemed to improve but gain vigorion in July and August needs a concern and a further study should be undertaken.Profitability RatiosAlthough there is unstable trend, Hampton Companys profit ratios seems as its best transparent to the companys increase on its Net Profit Margin both in history and projection.Dividend salaryThe company repurchased a substantial section of its outstanding common stock. Despite the good purposes about increasing the stock value, they had to make a loan of $1 million for he purchase. Because of the unreasonable conditions to pay dividends in December, the company will have a negative cash flow.SolutionWe inferred from the financial statements that the company can not afford to repay the loan in December, otherwise they will have negative cash flow. However, all the financial statements have consistency among them showingthis declining trend. They should offer a one month extention on the loan to indicate a reasonable s olution and then should start repaying it early.The repayment process should be startedPayment of $200,000 in SeptemberPayment of $100,000 in OctoberNo payment in NovemberPayment of $350,000 in DecemberThese payments reduce the interest and final loan payment.Another solution is about the extention of one month till January with the final repayment of $700,000 once December accounts receivables are collected. Hampton will not able to make a dividend payment in December so holding the dividend payment till January will enable the cash flow positive and allows for December sales to be realized, therefore usable to maket he January final payment.ConclusionHampton Machine Tool Company is not in a secure financial condition.There are many improvements needed to survive. For instance, in working capitals quantity and quality, in profitability, in liquidity and for financial stability they should focus on new improvements. Again, the dividend payment should be delayed to January. passSince the companys problems are mostly temporaray and the company past the analysis of credit, the Bank may grand both Hamptons loan refinancing of the $1million loan to be paid on December 1979, end the additional $ 350,000 that Hampton wants to borrow (payable on January 31, 1980). However, its very much advisable for St. Louis National Bank to undertake further studies and collect more data such as industry ratios and data, prevailing interest rates, financial statements from prior years etc. to permit a better and more informed decision.

Ap Euro Notes

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- Filled with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure If some intimacy is in brackets, it is just written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you ar loo world power for actual information. 7 The phantasmal rebirth and renewal- 1350-1600 KeyUMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth ( athe deals of Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism People sought to receive per discussional credit for achievements, unlike medieval predilectionl of all glory goes to god Names Ideas o Renaissance Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy City states, under HRE (Holy Ro valet de chambre Empire) o For alliances ? aged(prenominal) nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia ?Popolo trey class, the community, valued own contend of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria ? Ciompi Revolts 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting eew, brief period of control all over governing B-Britain ? Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Signifi flockt because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e. g. Medici) o Hu art objectism Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term Dark Ages, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature ?Cicero Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Re familiar like Edward Gibbon, invented Ciceronian appearance Latin style of writing which humanists followed Even though they werent in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do ? Despite being accused of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a lot nearly universality Civic Humanists Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for common good Plato Studying Greek allowed enlightened people to observe platonic ideals also, big rich weddings ? ? e. g. Platonic view of human potential observed by Pico della Mirandola, who gave oration on the dignity of man ?Castiglione wrote The Courtier, ab knocked out(p) what we would call a renaissance man k pertly languages, classical literature, and cunningsy stuff -12009- Daniel Shafrir, black lovage Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Lorenzo Valla wrote about wear outation of Constantine Document where Constantine took control of the Christian empire, utter it was a fake because the word fief was not invented yet. study The Vulgate Bible, said Jerome mistranslated from Greek silly Jerome ? Leonardo Bruni like Carla Bruni- created education for women, though Left public speech out of curriculum, because women had no outlet to use these skills oh. Silly women. ? o o Christine de Pisan wrote The City of Ladies, countered notion of inferiority, and this was soon proven false. Middle Ages Paintings were fresco fresca on plaster, Tempera on wood Renaissance Art ? Chiaroscuro Not at all like Mr. Carrasco Contrast amidst light/dark to make 3D images iodine-point perspective- everythin g converges to a point at infinity More realism than in Dark Ages art ? ? ? ? Filippo Brunelleschi- dome at cathedral of Florence High renaissance- Rome replaces Florence as center of art Religious people in Florence do not like new style, but Popes (Julius II) liked to beautify bootify? their city Late Renaissance/ compo sitionnerism- distorted figures and confusing themes reflected growing crisis in Italy High Renaissance Artists ? ? Leonardo da Vinci- array engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, Mona Lisa Raphael- from Urbino, commissioned for Vatican castles, images of Jesus and bloody shame, School of Athens shows Plato + Aristotle kissing? in single point perspective Michelangelo- David commissioned by Florence as propaganda work against Milan maybe it was the genitalia. , Sistine Chapel for Julius II, tomb for Julius II Splinter- Trainer of the Ninja Turtles o Northern Renaissance ? Questions concerning religion- study early Christian authors -22009- Dani el Shafrir, black lovage Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erasmus + More- Christian humanists criticized church service, horrified that Martin Luther did not find ways to better the Catholic church Desiderius Erasmus- coined Where there is smoke there is a fire in his handwriting Adages, also wrote P suggest of Folly= Satire to criticize church, wanted to mend church instead of abandoning it like Lex?No. Luther Sir Thomas More- Utopia, meaning this instanthere, executed for not recognizing heat content VIII as head of the church of England (ut he could boast near forgotten his glasses ? Art Albrecht Duror- woodcuts in buy at of Luthers revolution Chaucer- Canterbury Tales based The Decameron William Shakespeare- about whom we know zippo only primary school education, examined human creative thinker and dramatic intensity in his work, contemporaries= Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson, wooer of beautiful History t distributivelyers Printing Press with movable type- Johanne s Gutenberg, 200 word of honors, went broke after making his bibles as rhetorical as handwritten ones, sillllllllly Movable type created rapid spread of information Informed people of phantasmal debates Made churches monopoly over bible interpretations VEXING o Protestant Reformation complex and compelling ? Humanism- led individuals to question traditional ideas of salvation but not salivation Problems facing El Churcho ? Black Death- ferocious outbreak of the black beset, not related to black people Anticlericalism- light uponment disrespecting clergy arising from poor performance of clergymen during the plague, and in fact, that such a plague could befall so many people Pietism- DELICIOUS learn birth between the individual and god, reducing the need for a hierarchical church Babylonian Captivity and corruption in general within the church under the weather educated lower clergy, often a result of simony- the sale of church map 32009- Daniel Shafrir, black lovag e Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? throne Wycliff- had some no nos No no wealth of church No no transubstantiation- the belief that bread and wine are Jesus body and blood Wait, did Catholics support heathen cannibalism? What. No no indulgences- marketing of salvation by the church/no waiting in Purgatory, began during crusades to get knights but was a popular sin for ages urged his followers (known for unclear reasons as the Lollards) lololol to read the bible and to interpret it themselves Translated bible into English ?Jan Hus- Bohemia, Rector of University of Prague said bible was > church, called forwards council in Constance, promised safe passage there, but burnt at the stake medium-rare Martin Luther not to be confused with Martin Postumus actually, feel melt to confuse him with Martin Posthumus. Next time you see Martin, ask him about sacraments. does not like indulgences, 95 Theses Wittenberg a response to ? Albert of Hohenzollern- had to raise ten thousand whic h is over 9,000 ducats, so hired Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences, Tetzel As soon as gold in the basin rings, the soul to heaven rings. o Pope Leo X Not interested in a squabble between monks, ignored 95 theses Luther contd- Dominicans wanted to indicate Luther with Heresy because of the 95 Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility= secular govt can reform church, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church= attacked sacraments, Liberty of a Christian Man= bible is the sole SOUL HAHAHA source of faith, a bolt of lightning almost strikes him-> he becomes a monk what the hell? Pope Leo X- issued a papal turd Toro demanding Luther recant or be burnt, Luther burns bull, excommunicated by PETA Frederick, elector of Saxony- German prince, sympathetic to Luthers ideas Diet of Worms Eww Council of German nobility, HRE emperor Charles X asked Luther if he repudiates his books, to which he said he doesnt accept authority of the pope, only God.Exiled, hidden for a year in warfaretburg Ca stle filled with toads, very unpleasant by Frederick of Saxony Luther Contd Contd reduced sacraments from 7 to 2, which were baptism and communion, had several children with an ex-nun, family placed at center of religious faith. -42009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Why did the Reformation succeed? German Peasants Revolt- Result of worsened sparing condition, 12 articles interpreting Lutheranism as a message of social egalitarianism, to whichLuther wrote Against The Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants Luther was not critical ofeven encouragedprinces to confiscate Catholic land Charles V Couldnt control huge empire w/ Spain, New World, The Netherlands, Southern Italy, The Habsburgs, so he didnt do anything when the Protestants got revolting its because they never napped their teeth, at long last fought protestants in best word ever, by the way Schmalkaldic Wars but was forced to sign Peace of Augsburg, which recognized Lutheranism in territories ow ned by a Lutheran. ? Radical Reformation Anabaptists- denied Baptism go figure o Believed baptism would only work on adults because they knew what they were doing. Rebaptism became a capital offense in HRE, darn. Anabaptists took over Munster and created an Old-Testament-style theocracy men allowed to induct multiple wives. More normal people mainstream Christians then captured it back. o o o Antitrinitarians- denied Trinity Really? o Were hunted down ? Zwingli and Calvin Zwingli- Denied Sacraments, called last supper a memorial of Christs death, did not shoot actual presence of Christ wait, explain this.Was he just like in the bathroom or something? Hey guys, Jesus isnt coming Should we assume without him? Sure Disciples are meanies, QED. o o Swiss patriot Died leading Zurichs troops against Swiss Catholics John Calvin- Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination, No free entrust, Geneva= New Jerusalem, No taverns, Penalties for having gypsies read your fo rtune (not joking. ) ? Black or Blonde? English- The English Reformation -52009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, guardian of the Faith and Lord of Ireland- Epitaph courtesy of Wikipedia when researching earlier. I want such a title. o Tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon, even though previous pope had disposed him special dispensation to marry her in the first place. Pope refused, Henry began renewal of parliament. ? Reformation Parliament Gave bribes of land from monasteries (because he dissolved them) as a yield for passing certain acts, passed o oAct of Supremacy King of England is supreme head of Church of England Henry can marry Anne Boleyn Act of Succession Children of Anne Boleyn are just heirs (ouch for Catherine) o o Had been sleeping with Anne Boleyn, gotten her pregnant, therefore act in restraint of appeals declaring the King decided spiritual cases within the kingdom rather tha n the pope. Anny Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor, so he beheaded her. o Edward VI- Short reign, tried to institute Protestant theology into Church of England. Mary Tudor- in any case short reign, wife of phonetically Catholic Philip of Spain, tried to bring back Catholicism. ? Burned several hundred Englishmen at the stake ? The Counterreformation- Also known as the Catholic Reformation Index of command books- Included Erasmus, Galileo what, physics? Never heard of it Papal inquisition- Put heretics to death heretic is a freaking awesome word. Council of Trent- Papacy controlled church council, enhanced papal power o Council placed limits on simony, mandated education, caused intensely polar interpretations of the world, Baroque art and music created. If it aint Baroque, dont fix it Ignatius Loyola- tack togethered Jesuits, Religion was a spiritual conversation with God, not within Bible but within oneself. Spiritual exercises. -62009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus , Elizabeth Pinkus 8 The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States o Portuguese & Spanish Empires ? Bartholomew Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope, southern tip of Africa. Cape of Hood Hope common typo? Vasco de Gama r apieceed coast of India Christopher Columbus Sailed to Canary Islands, from there to Bahamas Noted in his diary that Indians were friendly and gentle, therefore easy to enslave Not a cool guy ? ? Magellan circumnavigates globe Cortez- Mexico, in Aztec Empire o Conquered Tenochtitlan with help of Aztec slaves Montezuma- gave gold, in return Spanish seized the capital and took him hostage. Really, Spain? Really? Pizarro destroyed Incas in Peru o o Captured Inca emperor Atahuelpa, ransomed him for gold, formulad through him, then killed him. Yep, this again. Spanish created Haciendas, plantations, through encomienda system of forced labor for some reason, Alex prefers to italicize rather than boldDevelopment of Monarchical States ? Reversal of parl iaments from Middle Ages to create authoritative monarchies ? Jean Bodin- Monarchies have to be absolute Louis XIV- France, Stuart Monarchs- England Nation-States Bureaucratization- established office of intendant, tax collector on behalf of monarch o Need for money led to corruption seen in sale of gallant office (except in England) Permanent mercenary army o Swiss phalanx- army of pikemen not Pokemon Pokemon is in the Mac dictionary who killed horsemen, later had gunpowder. Created a 72009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus need for money in monarchy, need which could only be fed by an absolute monarchy. ? Monarchs need taxes to pay for permanent armies, which were used to suppress peasants angry at taxesvicious lap covering ? Italy Treaty of Lodi- Balance of power among major Italian city-states, created alliance between enemies Milan and Naples YOUR NAPLES ARE SHOWING Ludovico Il Moro- became despot in Milan, fought Naples which are showing and invited French to satisfy long claims to Naples which are showing Charles VIII immediately did so, when he gets to Florence he meets Savonaroli, a radical Dominican preacher who had just expelled Medicis and established a Puritanical state Recognizes what he had done, joined an anti-French alliance to expel French and reinstate Medicis Medicis burn Savonaroli at the stake (with support of Pope) in revenge. o o Nicola Machiavelli- The Prince Story about a prince on a white horse, saves a princess and then marries her to gain control of her country, institutes harsh rule ? Spain- Dominion of JULIA LOPEZ Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Ca until nowe o Consolidated peninsula- called Reconquista ? Included Religious Uniformity, led to Spanish Inquisition Nobody evaluate it Id prefer a new edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my life Spanish Inquisition Anti-Jew, Anti-Moor ? o Charles V (Ferdinand &Isabellas grandson)- married into becoming HRE, abdicates and eliminates throne to brother Ferdinand (also controls Habsburg lands) ? His son Philip receives Spain, southern Italy, The Netherlands, the New World Duke of Alvas Council of Troubles tried to enforce Catholicism for Philip in Netherlands, also sent Military hero Don Juan to fight, later sent Spanish Ar worrieda Results Council failed, Don Juan failed, Protestant Wind blew Armada outside WOOOOOOOSH -82009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Cervantes- Don Quixote Donkey Hotay, bemoaned lack of chivalry French for universe a Horse in Spain El Greco revealed that powerful Spain could not maintain European position The Holy Roman Empire ? 0th and eleventh centuries- most powerful state, grew weaker with papal conflict Despite lack of army, popes back up by German Nobility, giving them sound sway over emperor o Golden Bull- 7 German princes given right to elect emperor Charles V- powerful Habsburg, attempted to establish genuine imperial control, used Luthera n reformation as a weapon against German princes Peace of Augsburg- Princes given the right to decide religion of territory aka Ecclesiastical Reservation, Catholicism or Lutheranism oProblematic for Frederick III of the Palatinate (an elector state) who was a Calvinist ? Thirty Years War- about thirty years long. Began in Bohemia, Ferdinand of Styria is crowned king Protestant angry with his intolerance defenestrate his Catholic advisors in Prague Turkey Baster Turkey Baster la la la la la HRE Emperor Mathias dies, Ferdinand elected emperor o A few hours later, he learns he has been overthrown in Bohemia Frederick, a Calvinist ( ) is the new king in Bohemia Ferdinand had no army, so he borrowed the Duke of Bavarias army what?You can do that? scrap of the White Mountain- Bavarian forces win a major victory, create cream Frederick is now sad, called the winter king because he only ruled for winter Private armies want to moderate fighting so they can have $$$, so war continue s Duke of Bavaria fears Habsburgs-> Ferdinand must find new army o o Albrecht von Wallenstein- VAST MERC ARMY 125,000 major victories in the north for Ferdinand -92009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus Edict of Restitution- out policeed Calvinism, required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552 Gustavus Adolphus- King of Sweden, entered war due to Edict, claiming to defend Protestant rights, actually nope, just wanted German territory primeval Richelieu- Absolutist, Decided to support Swedish army financially because he didnt want Habsburgs to be strong Peace of Westphalia- 30 yr war over o o HRE maintains divisions Emperor still leader of Germany Reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg (princes choose religion of territory, Calvinism added as a choice now) o France- Dominion of Funny Bear (http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=5H59Py7KApU) and Gerard Giblin ?Henry II- dies in a jousting tour denotent from a lance to the eye, he should have seen that comi ng -> Francis II is king French Wars of Religion Began when Duke of Guise saw a group of Huguenots worshiping in a barn, got mad, HAD THEM SLAIN Huguenots- French Calvinists HUGE KNOTS Catherine de Medici o o After Henry II dies, Francis II was too youngCatherine was a regent January Edict of 1562- Huguenots HUGE KNOTS gain freedom of worship Peace of Saint Germaine-Laye Protestants can fortify cities (Catherine ally with Catholics, but did not want the protestants to be sad, so this is what they get) o Guise==catholic, militant geese BourbonCalvinists ALEX WHAT UP WITH THE ITALICS o o Admiral Coligny (Advisor to Charles IV, so Catherine didnt like him) & Prince of Condeboth converted for political opportunities Henry of Navarre (Bourbon prince) marries Charles IXs sister, shifting power to BourbonsCatherine de Medici doesnt want either to have power, so she convinces Charles IX to do St. Bartholomews Day Massacre- burning all Huguenots 10 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pi nkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Coligny dies, Navarres life sparedhe promised to convertHenry III (Not Navarre) wanted to defeat powerful Catholic League Geese, do Navarre his heir, Huguenots then helped him attack them Peace of Beaulieu- complete religious freedom for Protestants. THIS IS NEW. NO REALLY. Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV of France when Henry III assassinate o o ? ? ? Everyone supports him because of common enemy of Spain Until revolution, all French kings are from Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism to be of the majority group, but so Huguenots would not get mad he created Edict of Nantes- Huguenots can worship and assemble, and maintain fortified cities NAVARRRRRRR ? Politique- the idea of putting the interest of the state before religious unity- Henry III and Henry IV was one of these Royal Absolutism- ? Henry IV tries to revitalize kingdom torn apart by war o o Duke of Sully + human immunodeficiency virus Henry the fourth, silly- established government monopol ies over things people like, such as salt Limited nobility in parliament Assassinated, 9 year old son Louis XIII takes throne, but like most nine year olds, is a relatively weak King. o Louis XIII oNeeded strong minister Bonjour, Cardinal Richelieu ? Richelieu beat out up Huguenots HUGE KNOTS and takes away Edict of Nantes that was fast. Brings France into thirty years war -> increased govt power Dies, replaced by Mazarin ? ? Louis XIV o Five years old. Anne Of Austria, his mother, selects Cardinal Mazarin to be regent 11 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Less sure political hand than Richelieu. This led to a lot of rebellions called the Fronde.Mazarin dies, Louis decides because of the Fronde to rule without an advisor he is a teenager and moots the world revolves around him Louis told people that the monarch had the divine rights, backed it up by the Old Testament. o ? Bishop Bossuet said that the king was chosen by god (only god could judge the behavior of the king) Louis was probably sitting in a corner, going, dont judge me o o May or may not have said letat cest moi, (I am the state) Builds Versailles to demonstrate his power, wanted to safely ignore the people 12 miles away from capital of France ? While it cost a huge amount of money to maintain Versailles, Louis thought it was worth it. Instead of plotting against the king, the aristocrats were involved with court intrigue and gossip and with honoring issues such as who got to hold the kings sleeve as he dressed Best review book ever? o Jean-Baptiste Colbert= minister, instituted mercantilism? create up gold by exporting goods, an economy based on exports. Organized factories and abolished tariffs. ?Five Great Farms- large regions where one does not have to go through customs French East India Company, west coast of Africa, posts in India, oftentimes of the Caribbean, Quebec, = French international mercanti keep down empire of supreme power. ? o For real this t ime. Revokes the Edicts of Nantes, demolishes Huguenot churches, takes away Huguenots civil rights. They ran away to England and the Netherlands, and since France was at war with England and the Netherlands, they fought against France. Stupid, stupid Louis ? o England Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbons lead Spain ?War of the Roses- Series of civil wars to determine whether York or Lancaster would rule England. Result Lancaster (Henry VII, a Tudor) will be king. After Henry VII dies, Henry VIII becomes king surprise surprise 12 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Henry VIII believed his reign would be ineffective if England was under religious jurisdiction of Rome-> created Church of England TUDOR Queen ElizabethHenrys daughter with Anne Boleyn ? Called The Virgin Queen- used marriage as a diplomatic tool, used rulers made them think she would marry them ? owerful alliances writing that in italics makes it look like the name of a boat Mary Stuart of Scotland- h er legal heir, also Catholic o Kept her under house arrest, she was afraid Mary was plotting against her Treaty of Burwick- Let it be known that James (Marys son) will be king of England instead (he was Protestant), in your face Mary Queen of stinting ? Knock knock Whos there o Mary Queen of Scots o Bye bye, your head o Elizabeth beat Spanish Armada? England remains Protestant and free of contradictory dominance ?STUART James VI- Absolutist, didnt call parliament for awhile, eventually he called it because he indispensable money Puritans- thought monarch shouldnt be head of church o So James persecuted the Puritans ? STUART Charles I alter support to Armenians (sect of Anglican church, believed in predestination), named William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury unrelated to the eggs wait, those are Cadbury Eggs. Never mind Requested a forced loan from nobles, they didnt want to pay so he threw them in jail o They put forward Petition of Rights, forced him to sign ? ? ?No for ced taxation without Parliament No free man could be imprisoned without due cause No quartering of troops in private homes 13 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? No martial law against civilians John Eliot- Three Resolutions this formatting is intense o o o Anyone suspected of practicing Catholicism is a capital enemy of the state Any of Kings advisors who remember he raise funds outside of Parliament are also capital enemies of the state Anyone who paid tonnage and poundage (duties the king imposed without parliament) was betraying the liberties of England reply King dissolved parliament Personal Rule of Charles Charles governing England sans Parliament o To get money collected ship money used to be where coastal towns paid extra tax to pay for shipbuilding, but now errrybody in the club getting taxed. Insisted that Calvinist Scotland adopt Church of England and prayer book The Book Of Common Prayer 1640 Charles called parliament because he thought they would give him money to put down Scottish rebellion- Short Parliament Dissolved it because they refused to give him funds before addressing their own needs. Formed an army because he was still angry at Scots then he banned kilts ?JK, Scots win Scots refuse to leave after invading England Made Charles pay a lot of money to them o o o o Charles has to call pine Parliament to pay for it o o o o Size matters Met for 20 years Impeached Charles ministers Abolished prerogative courts (kings courts) such as Star bedchamber Grand Remonstrance- A lot (240) of things that Parliament are moaning and whining about o Says Parliament has to approve minister 14 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o o Church of England reformed by committee No ship money ***Parliament called once every 3 years*** In response CHARLES INVADES sevens o House of Commons passes Militia Ordinance (very quickly because there were Soldiers at their doors) Gave Parliament control of the army Charles I fled to England, just in case o jk ? Civil War Happened Major issues o Whether England was going to have an absolute monarch or parliamentary monarch Anglican or Presbyterian See Lizzy Pelletier Cavaliers vs Roundheads o o ? ? ? Cavaliers==King Charles, Nobility, Anglicans Roundheads==parliament, Scots, townspeople, puritans Parliament won because of alliance with Scots Gen Cromwell (Lord Protector) created New Model army Parliament tries Charles for treason, executes ? ? Commonwealth Abolished monarchy + house of lords No more Anglican church, now puritan republic o Puritan Rules of Behavior simple clothes, no entertainment, no alcohol, no dancing, no fun. Independents wanted state church and religious freedom Presbyterians wanted state church and NO DISSENTERS o o Parliament No mo army o Cromwell says nope 15 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Wants to conquer Ireland and Scotland didnt these guys just help you? Not cool. Parliament gives no money to Army Cromwell disbands Parliament o This is a new thing. We have never seen this before. Really. The only important thing he does is separate England into military districts ? o ? Cromwell dies, monarchy back STUART CHARLES II o Treaty of Dover come on Dover. Move your bloomin arse - Charles would convert to Catholicism when conditions permit, made between Charles and French Louis XIV ? Charles gets a lot of money from Louis. This was good for him because he was getting a lot less English money to support his lavish lifestyle STUART James II o repeals Test Act (didnt allow Catholics to be officials/military, swear oaths for transubstantion), also, AP Test Act Declaration of Indulgence ? ? No more religious tests for office holders Allowed freedom of worship Parliament Reaction Not worried because they thought the throne would go to James daughter Mary the protestant Sneaky James marries, makes a bebby, New James the Catholic o Parliament responds by inviting Mary the p rotestant and her new husband, William of Orange to encroach upon England, no opposition ? ORANGES William and Mary o Bill of Rights of 1689 ?Limits power of monarchy monarch is subject to law, must be protestant, include parliament in lawmaking monarch butterflies still free to do as they please 16 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections to parliament free of royal interference No church courts Parliament consent for taxes required You can petition the king Parliament consent required for army People can have guns Freedom of Debate in parliament because until now, they coincidentally concur on everything King cant just take peoples stuff without having a trial.Then he can. Excessive bail, nono. Parliament has to be held frequently. ? ? ? o Act Of Toleration- a compromise bill ? Non-conformists (protestants who were not in the church of England) given right of public worship, Unitarians or Catholics were illegal. Test Act remained ? o The revolution Act mutated knee act ? Authorized martial law to govern the army. Had to be re-passed every year (parliament had to be summoned yearly for this) Queen is now STUART Anne. Nothing changes. o Act of Settlement- preventing catholic Stuarts from getting on the throne ?Basically, this said that if Queen Anne dies without an heir, the throne goes to the Protestants in Hanover. Specifically, George the first. o Act Of Union- formed Great Britain out of England and Scotland. totally done so that Scotland would not go to war with England allied with France. ? Scotland gives up their parliament, allowed to maintain a Presbyterian church. o The Netherlands- a center of commerce and trade. ? Dutch War Of Independence 17 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? City of Antwerp was sacked.They c fall behindd the Scheldt river as part of the peace of Westphalia. Lead to the center of trade being changed to Amsterdam. The Golden Age affirm of Amsterdam Dutc h east India company Higher standard of living Religious tolerance The Dutch proved to be nimble businessmen In the Spanish inquisition, Jews fled to Netherlands one could say they were orange Jews Franz Hals- great portrait painter from Haarlem (yes, its spelled like that. ) Jan Vermeer- painted scenes of everyday Dutch life Rembrandt Van Rijn- painted The nighttime Watch- baroque art period ? Political decentralization o House of Orange- noble house who got power from revolting against Spain. Stadholder= manlike head of the family William of Nassau (hes William of Orange, guys) = stadholder of the family Orange beats up France. He also became the king of England. Life in Modern Europe ? ? Growth and population- Population doubled in France between 1450-1550 Price revolution- population growth put pressure on basic commodities. Prices had to increase like 500% because supply was less than demand.Rural life Gentry are people from towns and cities. o These guys begin to encl ose their lands aka. Fence off land that used to be open. ? English Poor Law-The state provides for the poor 18 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? 3-field system- the rotation of crops in agriculture? 1/3 lay fallow (they didnt use it), 1/3 crops, 1/3 animals baa baa moooo Primogeniture- the oldest male child gets all the jaunt. City life Guilds continue to play a role in production of commodities. Cloth production done on a large scale.Capitalist entrepreneur would provide funds and organization of every stage of production. This made specialized guild-members sad. ? Family life No more than 3 or 4 children (usually) Marriages were arranged by parents, or formally improved, because they involved a transfer of property o o Married couples are full-fledged members of society Single adults were looked on as potential thieves or trouble-makers if they were male, and as prostitutes if they were female. There was a dowry o Tasks divided by gender & age, child labor was normal.Men do work, women cook, clean and make bebbies. For Protestants, the house became central rather than the church. o Paternalism increased because father is now the only person between the family and god 9 The scientific variation and Enlightenment o Before the scientific revolution ? The view of scholasticism-combination of Christianity and ancient authors, such as Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle. Four Elements humanity, air, fire, water o Earth is the heaviest element and the earth is the center of the universe oAlchemy could define chemistry of the time Didnt care about astronomy, believed in the works of Ptolemy (the heavens move around the earth) The Copernican revolution 19 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Nicolas Copernicus wrote Concerning The Revolutions Of Celestial Spheres. A heliocentric universe, where the planets move about the sun. The orbits were circular. Tycho Brahe- the movement of the sun revolved around the e arth but the other planets revolved around the sun. he taught Kepler. fun facts about Brahe, courtesy of Mr.Willard Brahe lost his nose in a bar fight over a math question, and fixed it with many metal noses that he would replace from day to day. Also, he had a pet dwarf who he would bring out at parties. The dwarf would go under the table and do things with his hands Johannes Kepler- planets go in ellipses. Galileo Galilei- invented the telescope. The moon has mountains, and its made of the same material as earth. Jupiter has moons, and stars are far away. He also stated that the acceleration of gravity was constant for all masses.Giordano Bruno argued that there were many worlds in the universe, the papal inquisition executed him. Isaac due north wrote Principia, examined the relations of different forces, invented differential calculus, and discovered that white light was a mixture of different lights. ? ? ? ? ? o The impact of scientific revolution on school of thought ? Franc is Bacon a delicious man argued to examine evidence from nature when making thesis. Rene Descartes- I think therefore I am, wrote Discourse on Method, challenged major classical beliefs.He invented logical proofs (if P then Q), he tried to make logic and philosophy be done with math because it was incorruptible see Robespierre in relation to math Blaise Pascal the fireman Pascals wager= it is better to bet that god exists than to bet that he does not, since if he does you will go to heaven, and if he doesnt then you dont lose anything. Thomas Hobbes believed that life was nasty, brutish and short. Wanted absolutism (man formed states with a sovereign that has complete power, the subjects would never rebel) because man naturally wanted to destroy each other.John Locke- social contract between the people and the state, where the people have certain inalienable rights no ET allowed of life, liberty, and property. If a government infringes on these rights, man has the right nay, the res ponsibility to rebel. Another idea was Tabula Rasa- there is no predestination or original sin people were born with a clean slate. ? ? ? ? o The eighteenth-century Enlightenment ? Immanuel Kant- idea that individuals should not believe an idea simply because authority says it, people should use reasoning to solve problems.Philosophers are thinkers and would often speak at salons. ? 20 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Republic of earn was an international community of philosophers who communicated en francais M. Giblin. Voltaire was a philosophe. And a deist- believed that god created the universe and the laws of science, those laws are still being followed. ? Ecrasez linfame (crush the horrible thing) was anti-religion He wrote Candide- humans cannot abide to find happiness by associating with specific philosophical systems. People should try to find a private comfort. ?Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about separation of power s and checks and balances. Also said that slavery was unnatural and bad. Diderot wrote Encyclopedia, a collaboration of all the knowledge and information that was prominent at the time Rousseau was the most radical philosophe, antagonized Voltaire believed in direct democracy vs. the other philosophes who believed in a constitutional monarchy. Ideas became prominent after his death, especially in the French Revolution. ? ? o Social Contract- Everyone has a duty to their country, a perfect society would be controlled by the general will of its populaceThe Spread of Enlightenment Thought ? Cesare Baccaria- Crimes and Punishment, about changing jurisprudence, the theory and philosophy of law. He believed everyone should have basic rights. David Hume- Atheism, doubt on religion. Questioned assumptions around cause and effect. EDWARD GIBBON- Wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which was mean, criticized Christianity, saying it weakened the vibrancy of the empire and contributed to its downfall Adam Smith- riches of Nations Free market, laissez-faire, invisible hand ? ? o Women and the Enlightenment ? Organized salons, where philosophes hung out Marquise de Pompadour- Louis the XVs mistress, helped Diderot avoid censorship Mary Wollstonecraft- Women should vote, and hold public office. ? ? o European powers In the age of enlightenment ? Enlightened Absolutists- Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia Prussia and Austria ? 21 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus Frederick William (The Great Elector) worked out agreement with the Junkers (Prussian nobility)they could have serfs, and would pay him money for the privilege Son Frederick III became Frederick I of Prussia (because Prussia became a Kingdom? ) Also was Frederick the Great, an enlightened absolutist o Freed serfs on Royal estates, but not the Junkers serfs, because he liked the Junkers. Abolished capital punishment, decreased amount of corpor al punishment on serfs o Austrian Empress Maria Theresa begat Joseph II, who was a fan of religious toleration o Issued Edicts of Toleration, granting Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists freedom of worship Wars of Austrian Succession o o HREmperor Charles VI has no male heir, issues Pragmatic Sanctionsays there can be a female heir Therefore, Maria Theresa is crowned, but France and Prussia begin to seize land (violating the sanction) Frederick I takes advantage of this and seizes Silesia, the richest part of Austria Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle- Austrian throne will go to Habsburgs ended the war Result of the War Prussia gains power Diplomatic Revolution alliance between Austrians and French, meant to weaken Prussians ?Great Britain allies with Prussia Leads directly into cardinal Years War Ultimately won by Prussians and British because Russian Czar peckerwood III didnt want to have so much conflict so he protected the Prussians British allies defeat the French in the French and Indian War in America o o o o ? ? RussiaThe Fatherland Ivan the Terrible expanded territory under the control of Muscovy what the hell? , Russia entered into a period of time known as THE date OF TROUBLES 22 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus When I find myself in times of trouble, FATHER STALIN comes to me, ended with the selection of a czar from the Romanov family. This was Peter the Great o o o o Forced nobles to shave their beards (as was the style in the west) Taxed nobility by the number of serfs they had Established monopolies on commodities like salt (See HIV) Table of Rankseach government position had a graduated ranking, social mobility Established St.Petersburg, a window on the West, built in the newest styles from France if you havent gotten the hint, Peter was a big fan of the West Conscripted serfs into the army, built the first Russian navy, defeated the Swedes in the great Northern war Catherine the Great codified Russian law and had an affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, he somehow became the King of Poland shortly afterwards. o o o ? Poland Lithuanian grand-duke Jagiello married Polish queen Jadwiga? PolishLithuanian Commonwealth o frustrated the Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald When Poniatowski becomes King, he displayed an independent streak that Catherine the Great did not expect from her former Lover Prussia, Russia, Austria forced Poland to accept a partition o Poland loses 30% of its territory Poland had Europes first written constitution o o Reduces the power of nobles who appealed to Russians for assistance Russia and Prussia partitioned again, which removed the constitution and removed a lot of land ? Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a Polish revolt forcing Poniatowski to abdicate Third and final partition wiping Poland off the map. Great Britain Tories 23 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Whigs o o Wanted prerogative rights of the monarch More enlightened, liked religious t olerance Had a certain leader ? Do you remember his name? It is Edmund Burke o Argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and political stability. You should have learned all of the American Revolution stuff in APUSH American Revolution spurred a movement of parliamentary reform in Great Britain oJohn Wilkes, member of the House of Commons and part time pornographer*, arrested for publishing a satirical attack on King George III ? *Perfect example of social mobility. o ? France Wanted greater freedom of press and UMS Jansenists- Catholic sect which believes in predestination o Parlements==Provincial law courts made up of nobles, block Louis XV from supporting a papal decree banning Jansenists ? Louis XV abolishes parlements Louis sixteen brings them back 10- The French Revolution, Napoleon, the European Reaction o Background Wallpaper? of the revolution ?Major problem facing 80s France fros? was financialthey were kinda bankrupt, Budget 50% Paying debts and interest 25% military o Funding American revolution, skirmishes with British 6% Royal Life whig powdering? intentional misspelling. They powdered Edmund Burke he was a whig leader 24 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? 19% infrastructure not that much. Sad peasant. Estates General First Estate- Church and Clergy o Wealthy churchies, but there were also poor churches who felt aligned for the third estate Tithe- church tax o Second Estate- Nobles and Aristocracy o o Only 3% of population Feudal privileges Controlled mills and winemaking, would often charge their own fees for use of the mills effectively making it difficult for peasants to use their texture Third Estate- Peasants and Bourgeoisie (the educated upper middle class, lawyers and doctors and thinkers) o Abbe Sieyes- Quest-ce que le troisieme etat? , What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been in the political order up till the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become someth ing. Were always overruled in EG because 1/3, when govt needed money they always raised taxes ? ? Fourth Estate- Batman He was Robin the Pierre Role of Enlightenment? INSPIRATION. Causes Failed harvests in 1789 makes poor people poor Louis fires Minister Finance Necker who wanted to subsidize grain and tax nobles, Peasants sad ? Louis called Assembly of Notables (leading aristocrats and churches), asked if they wanted to pay a land tax they obviously said yes. , instead suggested that they would have a greater share in governing ok, sure guys, called for an Estates General o Calling of the Estates General ? ? Hey, Estates General Everybody complains that the third estate gets a third of the vote, so the King does nothing 25 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erryone wanted change, but nobody knew how they wanted it, resulting in thousands of Cahiers de doleances (lists of grievances) Examples of what they wanted equal tax system and regular meetings of the EG, limiting the size of sheep herds ? o King kept everybody waiting Tennis Court Oath ? The third estate was locked out of the meeting, so they went to a tennis court (handball) whatever it was a court.They firm keep convening until there was a new constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man- Lafayette influenced this, King did not sign guaranteed Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality (later the French Motto) ? o Leaders THUNDERSTORMING OF THE BASTILLE AND THE salient FEAR National Assembly, legislative Assembly, National assembly, The Directory Enrage J. Herbert Jacobins Robespierre, St. Just Couthon, republic of pure virtue idealism, vague Cordeliers J. P. Marat, G. J. Danton, C. Desmoulins Republic. One house, broader suffrage but not for women Girondists Jaques Brissot, M&Mme Roland, Condorcet, A.Sieyes Keep king as a figurehead, prime minister or president. Parliamentary system. Weak executive, strong legislative. Limited suffrage. Reform gradually, use laws. Upper middl e class Feuillants Lafayette, Mirabeau Royalists Count Of Artios Agenda Anarchy inherent monarchy Absolutism Means To End Supporters wildness is nice. Abolish all, kill, then peace. Radical intellectuals, radical sandculottes Violence may be necessary (guillotine) Leaders? bourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers? sansculottes Rapid reform, system of laws, wider suffrage Leaders? ourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers ? sans-culottes Very slow and careful gradualllllllllllllly change, natural laws. Some (newer) nobles, some clergy Violence may be necessary to get back lost power Upper-class (old wealth) nobles, upper clergy 26 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o ? Bastille- prison, a symbol of royal despotism, held dissenters. Peasants went and took the gunpowder. When they killed the governor (of the bastille), they put his head on a pike. This was the beginning of VIOLENCE bang bang Louis was really scared. He recognized the Commune of capital of France (a ne w government of the city of Paris). New national guard, under the command of Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolutionary War) The great grape fear violence between the peasants and the nobles. Some aristocrats began to renounce their feudal rights Poissonards Women from the fish market (poisson means fish), had knives for gutting, they could gut people like a fish like Katie Evans. It was raining, guards of the palace saw them and decided to invite them in and give them food.They found the King and Queen COWERING IN FEAR, Marquis de Lafayette made them compromise (they wanted to kill Marie Antoinette), instead they just had the royal family move to the Tuileries, a lesser palace in Paris. TURNING POINT The center of the revolution was in Paris, Natl Assembly moved to Paris as well. June 1791-King and Queen try to eschape ? ? ? ? ? Dressed like bourgeoisie went in a carriage, headed towards the Austrian Netherlands (Varenne) to meet up with the emigres (nobles who had fled durin g the Great Fear o Count of Artois (Louis XVIs brother) had led the emigres.Were found out by a drunk guy, brought back to Paris and put under Palace Arrest ? Declaration of Pillnitz Issued by Leopold of Austria Said they would stifle France, but only if all of Europe came with them ? Olympe de Gouge- Wrote The Rights of Women, argued women should have property, education, and the right to divorce. Civil Constitution of the Church- King is forced to pass this Church is a department of the state, bishops are elected, clergy has state-funded salaries and all have to swear an oath of loyalty. Considered by many historians (and Mrs. Lansell) to be the biggest mistake of the revolution.Created a split in religion when Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. ? 27 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o Refractory Clergy- more devout Catholics, included King and many peasants. Being part of this gave one a reason to be anti-revolution. Constitutional Cler gy- strong revolutionariesthere was no strong reason to be part of this. Assignats- Government bonds backed by repossessed Church landseach bill was redeemable for church land, eventually became the currency of the Republic. ? The National Assembly King has suspensive veto- can delay voting on legislation for 4 years.Also control army and foreign policy. Passive Citizens- Men who do not pay taxes. Active Citizens- Men who pay taxes. o Electors- active citizens with high property requirements. France was divided into 83 Departments (instead of the provinces) Paris Commune- Municipality of Paris, controlled by the people. Essentially idealistic communism (even though Marx hadnt come up with it yet? ) o Controlled by Enrages Jews and Protestants have full political rights No slavery o Toussaint L Ouverture- Enraged at the continuation of slavery in the colonies, led a slave rebellion in Hispaniola (now Haiti)Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Duke of Brunswick of Prussia menace t o destroy Paris if the King or his family were harmed. Sans Culottes o Stormed the Tuileries and killed 600 Swiss mercenary guards, because they were bored and had nothing better to do. September Massacres- Raped, killed, pillaged, and burned o Lafayette is somehow No extended the Commander he flees and captured by Austrians and put in Jail until Napoleon comes and Frees Him. Paris Commune forces the National Assembly to create a new Legislative Body using UMS this was called the National Convention o European Reactions to the French Revolution 28 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? William Pitt the Younger dumbest name ever, British PM, hoped that the war would eventually end the rivalry between the two nations. EDMUND BURKE- Wrote Reflections on the French Revolution, opposed the French Revolution, predicting it would become more violent Well done, Edmund Buuuuurke ? o THE REIGN OF TERRiER Puppies? (Actually TerrOr) ? Montagniards- Radical Jacobins- nam ed because they chose to sit above all the others in the National Convention The Plain- Girondists, moderates. Believed in Laissez-Faire, supported a strong legislative government.Committee of Public Safety- Comprised of Danton, Carnot, and Maximilien Robespierre who is incorruptible, right? Vendee- Area of France which uprose because the Revolutionary court of law (specifically Carnot, head of the military) created a Levee en Masse, or mandatory draft on every male 16-25. This angered the peasants because it took away their strong men right before the harvest. Law of Maxim- Froze wages and prices. Price controls benefited the Sans-Culottes. Law of Suspects- Empowers the Revolutionary Tribunal (Committee of Public Safety) to arrest anyone suspicious or suspected. Banned women from politics Censored the press ? ? ? ? ? ? Jean-Paul Marat- Journalist, create names of dissenters, stabbed by Charlotte Corday The day after he died was Bastille Day, so he was considered the martyr of the revolution and statues were made in his honor. Jacobins used his death as defense of the terror ? Jacobins tried to create a Republic of Virtue, where they removed all traces of the old regime. Created a new calendar Removed all traces of religious symbols Created the furore of the Supreme Being- a religion celebrating virtue, Roman influence.Worship every 10 days (weeks were 10 days long in the revolutionary calendar) o Supreme Being was pretty much Robespierre. Guillotined political enemies, circa 20,000 people. 29 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Many were Girondists. ? Desmoulins (a Cordelier) wrote for a newspaper, in which he called for the end of the terror and therefore was arrested by Robespierre Danton supported his theory (was also a Cordelier) and was arrested too No Cordeliers are left, so only the Jacobins are in power.Robespierres popularity wanes o Robespierre says he has a list of all the traitors in the National Assembly and that he will read it the next day Overnight they decide he is a traitor ? He is arrested He tried to shoot himself and fails o They execute him o ? Thermidorean Reaction- People get mad, 100 leading Jacobins are guillotined The White Terror- Any association with Jacobins or Robespierre would get you guillotined. o o The Directory Napoleon was arrested, but he managed not to get guillotined. ?The Council of Ancients- People aged 40+ They voted on legislation which the Council of 500 created. They had 3 year terms. The Council of 500- General assembly had to be aged 30+. 2/3 of them had to have been in the National Convention. Royalists were upset because they had left the National Convention earlier. Tough luck, guys 2/3 law reaction Royalists are protesting over the 2/3 law, peasants are generally angry over bad harvests and such so royalists let them fight too. ? o NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Vitamin C Practical Experiment Write Up

Based on knowledge already at hand, My hypothesis testament be that freshly squeezed juice will keep more than vitamin C compargond to juices that are from concentrate and that juice from lemons will contain more vitamin C due to their acidity.VariablesVariables such as temperature could affect the results that are collected, as practic solelyy as can be done to control the temperature to make the results accurate will be done, holding ingests with hands can increase the temperature slightly so they will be handled by the lip of the vial and placed into a rack.When testing samples multiple times I will ensure that the equipment cleaned and dried or if possible new as the pH of water might affect the reaction of DCPIP and ascorbic acid, water can also affect the results depending on whether it is hard water or soft water, hard water contains more mineral and more chlorine is arrange.Measuring will be as close to as possible accurate, this will include re-measuring samples.I wil l be measuring the amount of juice sample root word it takes to de touchise 1cm of DCPIP, first I will character a controlled sample of 1% vitamin C to decolourise the DCPIP, and with this I can compare results from the other juice samples. The measurements will be taken with a pipette and released into the DCPIP 1ml at a time, each time 1ml is released it will be shaken to allow a fair mix of firmness, and this will be repeated on bank decolourisation.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) has a pH of under 4-5 when diluted with waterDCPIP, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, which is a dye utilise to monitor light reaction in photosynthesisApparatus & Chemicals pipetteFruit succus SamplesDCPIP 1% SolutionTest tubesTest tube rackBurette (Possibly)Glass Rod (Possibly)I have decided to apply test tubes because they provide a clear sight into the experiment at hand, they are also smaller then Pyrex beakers which would spread the effect over a large surface where as a test tube would make it easie r to establish decolourisation.pipets are a fast way to measure the solution with a limited amount of time, it is a suitable and vital piece of apparatus notwithstanding there might be a probably with used pipettes as they can have dents from previous experiments and would only be accurate to around 0.0ml-0.2ml when measuring solutions.A burette would allow an accurate measure of how much solution has been added into the DCPIP, probably a greater accuracy then using a pipette.A glass rod would allow a fair mixing of the solution but the effects on the results are unknown.SafetyTake care of glassware.Sanitise experimental area after.Wear eye protection at all times..Care when handling juice samples or chemicals as they may stain.Do not drink juice samples as dangerous chemicals may be present after experimentation.Pre-Experiment MethodThe method I will be conducting is simple. I will measure 1% DCPIP 1cm(3) from a beaker to a pipette, with another pipette I will add the 1% vitamin C solution which is the control of the experiment 1cm(3) at a time to a test tube, each time 1cm(3) is added, I will gently stir the test tube to make sure then the reaction takes place. I will repeat this on till the DCPIP solution is decolourised. To get a fair and accurate result I will repeat this 3 times and then clean the results. Outliers will be excluded to contain the test accurate. The samples will be kept in a test tube rack to compare antithetical colours.The next juice two sample will be tested with the same amount of DCPIP, first placed into a test tube via pipette then another unused Pipette will extract the juice sample and will be added into the DCPIP 1ml at a time then stirred gently and this will continue on till the DCPIP is decolourised. The time allocated during this experiment is 1/2 hour. Accuracy could be improved but due to this some apparatus and time will be put aside in order to complete the experiment in that respect are some ethical issues with testi ng these chemicals and releasing them into the sewer as they are not helpful to the environment due to their pH, care will be taken so that any DCPIP and Vitamin C is not wasted and only what is required is used.ResultsOnce all of the entropy was collected, It was input into the table below, It shows the amount of juice required to decolourise the DCPIP, 3 tests were conducted and from that you can then work out the average with a formula to get the average, the average can be used to conclude a fair result from all 3 of the trials.Vol. Of Juice call for to Decolourise 1cm(3) of 1% DCPIP Test 1 Test 2 Test 3AverageVitamin C. ContentVitamin C Solution6ml7ml9ml7.3ml0.13gPure Orange Juice14ml15ml18ml15.6ml0.06gJiff5.5ml5ml6ml5.5ml0.18gThese results show that the juice sample that contains the most Vitamin C was the Jiff, with an average of 5.5ml to turn the DCPIP decolourised compared to the 15.6ml of pure orange Juice. The Vitamin C. Solution took 7.3ml to decolourise the DCPIP whi ch was 1.8ml more than Jiff, This suggests to me that Jiff contains less water than the Vitamin C. 1% Solution did.With the average, I then calculated the Content of Vitamin C in each of the samples by Dividing them by the 1ml of 1% DCPIP Solution which gave the sum then born-again to grams.These results prove my hypothesis in that freshly squeezed fruit will contain more vitamin C, this is because it will not have been watered down by manufacturers for a higher quantity. The results also prove my hypothesis is right that lemons contain more Vitamin C. Due to their acidity which is the sign of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and their low pH levels.This line graph shows the plot of the tests carried out. From this we can date stamp that for pure orange juice and Vitamin C samples that there is a steady rise from test 1 to test 3, this could be due to a number of factors that I will include in my limitations, However the Jiff tests shows to be accurate and consistent from test 1 to test 3. There is a 4ml difference from test 1 to test 3 in the pure orange juice tests. There is a 2ml difference from test 1 to test 2 in the Vitamin C 1% Solution Test.This graph also shows standard deviation, from the bars we can see the average of the test, it measures the spread of data from the mean. The results conclude that the deviation is a Low standard deviation because the valves are not spread out so much.The equation for the standard deviation used isThe graph shows that on all samples tested,Post-Experiment Method, Limitations and VariablesAs planned the measurements of the juice solutions were accurately measured and did not obscure sight in the pipette, However the DCPIP was to a percentage point harder to measure due to the darkness of the solution, it covered the pipette in a dark blue colour and was hard to tell where and how much solution was universe measured. The experiment took slightly longer due to this as I had to wait for the solution to settle into the sol ution.As this was the first time carrying out an experiment ilk this, it was unknown that the 1% Vitamin C solution Control would turn into a brown colour when decolourised, Although this happened I still recorded the results and then continue to see if any difference would appear but after 5 minutes of no mixture they were placed into a test tube rack to be observed later on and compared with the other trials, the result was that they did turn brown and that was expected to be the end of the trial.The Pure Orange Juice also produced different than expected appearance, the solution did decolourise the solution but it turned to a yellow colour which was the original of the juice sample.One problem that I was go about with was the limited amount of apparatus, I ended up having to clean them with tap water, they were dried but to a certain extent, the pH of the water could affect the experiments outcome, however all the of solutions would have had some water in them so this shouldnt affect the results in a significant way.Post-Experiment Method, Limitations and Variables-ContinuedOther problem in the experiment that I later picked up on from observation was that the DCPIP and Juice solutions were left open meaning that oxidation could affect the results which is a loss of electrons and a gain in hydrogen, this will cause the DCPIP to turn blue again, as Vitamin C is a reducing agent it adds electrons therefore its used in this experiment because it will change colour.The limitation of this experiment is that it was only repeated three times due to the amount of time available, more results would have given better accuracy in results and given me the chance to spot outliers in the experiment.We also do not know if Vitamin C is lost during ageing or through heat interference which often products go through to ensure that its free from harmful bacteria.One improvement that could be made to the experiment is the equipment, having a larger choice to use from, and enough so that other factors like water dont come into play.One modification that could used is that now we know that after a certain colour in the process of decolourisation we know that the trial is finished therefore saving us time for something else.Another Improvement is to be more careful with the juice samples and to keep them contained so that they are not affected by the elements.SummaryIn this experiment, I learned that freshly squeezed orange juice will contain more vitamin C then juices from concentrate and that lemon contain more vitamin C then oranges.The experiment carried out was to measure the content of Vitamin C in the selected fruit samples, from the results I can conclude that the results were accurate, reliable and precise therefore allowing me to state this conclusion and to prove my hypothesis right

Outline and Evaluate One or More Biological Explanations to Schizophrenia

Outline and evaluate one or much biological explanations of schizophrenic disorder (8 marks AO1/16 marks AO1) schizophrenic disorder is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a persons language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenics neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia.This hypothesis claims that schizophrenics have abnormally high amounts of D2 receptors receptors that receive dopamine, whence resulting in a higher amount of D2 receptors binding to the receptors causing more impulses. Dopamine neurotransmitters play a key role in guiding attention, so an imbalance of this neuron leads to problems relating to attention, perception and thought. Amphetamines are a dopamine agonist drug, which stimulates the neurons containing dopamine. According to the dopamine hypothesis, large doses of the drug lead to the characteristic schizophrenic symptoms, hallucinations and delusions.The outgrowth and use of Antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia support the dopamine hypothesis. The drugs work by impede activity of dopamine and have been shown to alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions and thinking problems associated with the disorder. This is because by reducing dopamine activity helps to maintain a constant level in guiding attention, leading to a decrease in key schizophrenic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions because they can be caused by being overly attentive.Statistics increase the reliability of the biological explanation of the dopamine hypothesis for explaining schizophrenia as they show Antipsychotics have a 60% success rate. Therefore, this shows a plug in between high levels of dopamine activity and schizophrenia, as antipsychotics work by blocking the dopamine activity. This has led to more effective treatm ent, allowing those with schizophrenia to make better their quality of spirit, However, a meta-analysis investigation on post mortem studies on schizophrenics has evoked contradicting evidence about the dopamine hypothesis.The contradictive evidence by Haracz (1982) showed that those who died whilst on a course of the antipsychotic drugs actually had higher levels of dopamine activity than those not using the antipsychotic drugs. This occurs because the neurotransmitter builds up in the synapse of the neurone whilst the drug blocks to D2 receptors and as the drug wears off, more impulses are initiated by the neurotransmitters, causing the schizophrenic symptoms.This means the dopamine hypothesis lack reliability in explaining schizophrenia because antipsychotics could be responsible for increasing dopamine activity and on that pointfore actually increase the schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusion, which decreases the schizophrenics quality of life as they liv e in a constant psychosis state where they have lost touch with reality. The takement of neuroimaging techniques such as PET scans (a 3D anatomy of the brain obtained by a nuclear machine) has led to supporting evidence for numerous explanations, yet has so farthermost failed to provide evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis.This questions the reliability of the biological approaches claim that increased activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine as the neurologists have closely examined the brain and differences in dopamine activity in schizophrenics and good individuals. This lack of evidence means that treatments produced to help those with schizophrenia may not be successful in treating schizophrenia as there may be a possibility that the dopamine hypothesis is not accurate in explaining schizophrenia. The biological explanation of schizophrenia also claims that the disorder can be inherited.The more common the disorder is among the biological relation backs and the clo ser the story of genetic relatedness increases the risk of the child developing schizophrenia. Gottesmans research (1991) found a genetic link with schizophrenia when looking at children and their relatives. The research discovered that children with two schizophrenic parents have a concordance rate of 46% compared to children who just have one schizophrenic parent to children who have a concordance rate of 13% and siblings just 9%.The genetic theory of schizophrenia also suggests that monozygotic duplicate (twins who a genetically identical) should have a higher concordance rate of schizophrenia than dizygotic twins (twins who are not genetically identical) because they have a closer degree of genetic relatedness. Adoption studies support the genetic theory that schizophrenia can be inherited as they provide evidence that the milieu does not affect inheritance rate. The supporting study was carried out by Tienari in Finland. He investigated 164 adoptees that biological mothers h ave been diagnosed with schizophrenia and found 6. % also get a diagnosis, compared to 2% of the control group of adoptees. This means that that there is a genetic liability to schizophrenia, as more of with the biological mother having schizophrenia develop schizophrenia than the control group. As a result, this increases reliability of the biological approaches explanation to schizophrenia as it indicates genetic factors play a major role in the development of schizophrenia and environmental factors such as a different upbringing do not inhibit this.However, Tienaris research did not produce a statistic proving the majority of those who have biological mothers with schizophrenia developed the disorder later in life. The study showed only 6. 7% of the adopted children with a relative with schizophrenia developed the disorder, yet 93. 3% didnt develop the disorder. This suggests that environmental factors also play a key role in causing schizophrenia not just the genetic factors which inclines a lack of internal validity to the biological explanation.This means that the therapies based on the biological explanation of schizophrenia forget not be effective as they do not consider all factors affecting the disorder, leading to those suffering with schizophrenia not able to improve their quality of life. Investigations on monozygotic and dizygotic twins also support the theory that genetic factors play an important role in schizophrenia. The study showed that there was a concordance rate of 40. 4% for monozygotic twins yet only 7. 4% concordance rate of dizygotic twins.A concordance rate shows how legion(predicate) times both twins developed the disorder. These findings supports the genetic position because they show the monozygotic concordance rate, twin who are 100% genetic similar, to be far higher than dizygotic twins, who only have about a 50% genetic similarity. Therefore, this increases the reliability of the biological explanation of schizophrenia as it shows that the closer degree of genetic similarity there is, the increased likelihood of the relative developing the disorder. It can be argued that the biological explanation to schizophrenia is reductionist.This is because it does not consider the environmental factors involves with developing schizophrenia, only what does on inside the brain. For example, the genetic theory states that schizophrenia is inherited, yet research only found a concordance rate of 40. 4% for monozygotic twins. If schizophrenia was caused 100% by inheritance and degree of genetic similarity, the concordance rate for monozygotic twins should be 100% as they are genetically identical. Thereby, this reduces the reliability of the biological explanation as it does not consider other factors affecting schizophrenia, such as the environmental factors.

Portfolio A Systematic Collection Education Essay

As instructors we interact, cast and program activities for pupils. These activities argon pitch to develop their acquisition, hence be aftering for pupils progress instructors need to document the development of the kids betterments on a day-to-day footing. To make this a system that is easy to utilize and one that is flexible plenty to account wholly or most of the activities they participate in, therefore approximation is an umportant portion of entryway growth.Appraisal is the procedure of happening out what kids tummy make, what they know and the things they be interested in. approximation besides involves on the whole methods through which instructors discharge derive an apprehension of kids s development and acquisition. Assessment is of import because once information is gown(prenominal)ed, appropriate activities and experiences merchantman be implemented for continued growing in all countries of development.Appraisal comes in many signifiers, and slightly work better than others. The National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) provides assessment guidelines in its publicationA developmentally assume Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children From Birth Through Age Eight. In this publication, NAEYC states that Developmental judgement of kids s advancement and accomplishments is utilise to accommodate course of training to fit the developmental admits of kids, to melt on with the kid s household, and to amount of money the plan s effectivity ( Bredekamp, p. 13 ) . Appraisal of sensation kids s development and acquisition is indispensable for grooming and implementing developmentally appropriate plans, but should be use with cautiousness to forestall favoritism against persons and to guarantee truth. Accurate testing dope merely be achieved with dependable, valid instruments and such instruments developed for us mount up with immature kids are highly rare. In the absence of valid instruments, pro ving is non valuable. Therefore, assessment of immature kids should trust to a great extent on the consequences of observations and descriptive informations ( Bredekamp, pp. 12-13 ) .PortfoliosPortfolio is a dictatorial accumulation or sample of kids work, with information associating to severally kid s developmental advancement which depicts the pupil activities, achievements, and accomplishments at heart the educational scene. As explained by Carol Gestwicki in Developmentally Appropriate Practice Course of study and Development in Early Education, Portfolios may incorporate aggregations of representative work of kids that illustrate their advancement and achievementsa and Children are encouraged to add their ain choices of work that they feel show their advancement to the portfolios ( Gestwicki, p. 304 ) .Portfolio promotes a positive, enthusiastic amaze is the statement in Janine Batzles s book, A Portfolio Assessment and Evaluation A portfolio should be a jubilatio n of the kid s alone abilities, accomplishments, and advancement, displayed through reliable samples ( Batzle, p. 60 ) .There are two study types of portfolios which instructors bunghole utilize which is procedure and merchandise portfolio. The procedure portfolio is used to document each phase of larning which provides a progressive record of pupil s growing. The merchandise portfolio demonstrates command of a learning undertaking or a set of larning aims and contains merely the best work. Teachers use process portfolios to assist pupils place larning ends, papers advancement over clip, and show acquisition command In general, instructors prefer to utilize procedure portfolios because they are ideal for documenting the phases that pupils go through as they learn and advancement ( Venn, 2000, p. 533 ) .Student s portfolios plenty take diverse physical signifiers, depending on which 1 is comfy for the instructor and the type of kid attention plan offered. They so-and-so be box es, squeeze box files, booklets, three-ring binders, exposure albums, and or combinations and similar lodges cigarette be used as receptacles for cogent evidence of advancement. Teachers can hold two containers one for 3-dimensional samples of the kid s attempts and another for signifiers and planar beginnings of information. Portfolios are an individualised manner in measuring pupils hence each kid should hold their ain portfolio.Portfolios can include many points of each kid s alone involvements, besides pupils demands can be addressed harmonizing to what is included in their portfolio. Teachers can utilize exposures, drawings, colloquial notes, sound and picture recordings and observations.Photographs are taken of kids when they work on undertakings that can non be saved for future mention, like edifice blocks, modeling clay, free fall threading where at times they threading harmonizing to pictured forms, and when they build mystifiers without aid. Samples of the kids s work is saved in their portfolios as they are placed each kid advancement, helps the instructor and parents to derive a better apprehension of the pupil strengths and weakness depending on the age and development degree of each kid. With this information from the portfolios, instructors are able to be after for future course of study. just about advantages of portfolio idea is where instructors can mensurate public presentation based on echt samples of the kids s work, it enables instructors and pupils to portion in the duty for puting learning ends and for measuring their advancement toward run intoing those ends and portfolios can supply a procedure for structuring acquisition in phases. The disadvantages of portfolio appraisal could be hard in garnering all the necessary informations and work samples which therefore makes portfolios bulky and hard to aspirate off, and besides to develop a systematic and calculated direction system tends to be hard, but this measure is necessary in order to do them a random aggregation of pupils work. magisterial ObservationSystematic observations are observations where instructors become really cognize with the involvements, demands, and strengths of all of the kids in their schoolrooms. With this type of observation instructors become cognizant when kids exhibit discernible forms of demeanour that testify they are fighting with larning prior to formal procedure of acquisition, every bit immature as age three ( Lowenthal, 1998 Steele, 2004 ) . With a tool to aim their observations, instructors can utilize systematic observation as a speedy and cost-efficient manner to find which kids might be fighting with acquisition and benefit from excess support ( Satz & A Fletcher, 1988 ) .AWith the usage of systematic observation the instructor observes the whole category hence ply him/her to go cognizant of the pupils needs whereby the instructor can be after suitably. This type of observation agencies that decisions or readin gs are based on observations of the kid over clip instead than a erstwhile appraisal of a kid s accomplishments and abilities.ASystematic observation is to be done when kids, are playing entirely, in little groups, in big groups, at assorted times of twenty-four hours and in assorted fortunes. Systematic observation must be nonsubjective, selective, unnoticeable, and carefully recorded ( Bertrand and Cebula, 1980 ) .Teachers are to detect the kids interacting with their environment and with others and document what they see. Some instructors use checklists, variant list, evaluation graduated table, anecdotal notes, recordings or other signifiers to enter their observations. This procedure seems to be inherent and appropriate for preschool instructors because Preschool kids demonstrate growing and larning through activity ( Worthham, 1994, p. 213 ) .The checklist or stock list is entering tools which are used for entering pupil s advancement and this procedure is easier for instru ctors to work with. Checklist or stock list are to be based on instructional aims and the development associated with the acquisition of the accomplishments being monitored, thereby these observations should be based on regular activities, non on specially designed or contrived activities. These tools can besides include infinites for brief remarks, which provide extra information non captured in the checklist.Rating Scale is used to assist instructors and parents gather and portion information about immature kids with specific attending to features that might be early marks of larning disablements. The evaluation graduated table besides allows instructors and parents to reflect consistently on their concerns and helps them endorse if the kid would profit from extra support. The information gathered about the pupils across developmental spheres, which are the perceptual and Motor, Self-Management, Social and Emotional, Early Math, Early Literacy, Receptive Language, and the Express ive Language sphere. The consequences will inform communicating and planning among parents, school forces, and others.Anecdotal notes are used to enter specific observations of single pupil bearings, accomplishments and attitudes, these notes provide additive information on pupil acquisition, uncovering penetrations about the kid s advancement when they are reviewed straightforward and provides way for farther direction. Anecdotal records are besides factual, nonjudgmental notes of kids s activity ( Northwest regional Educational Laboratory, 1991 ) . They are most utile for entering self-generated events. The advantages are that the perceiver does non necessitate particular(a) preparation, and the observation can be used to concentrate specifically on the behavior of involvement. The disadvantages of this type of appraisal are that the consequences depend upon the memory of the single perceiver, and the perceiver may overlook much important behavior to concentrate on a specific behavior.Systematic observation strengths are that it is used in the natural scene of the kid s schoolroom environment, the instructor can detect what causes the pupil specific behavior and topographic points minimum restraints on kids s behavior and activities, leting them to act of course and exhibit their full backcloth of accomplishments and abilities while prosecuting in activities that hold intending for them, such as dramatic drama activities or block building ( Hills, 1993 Schweinhart, 1993 ) .Systematic observation besides has its weak countries where the teacher/observer may falsify information which can do them invalid, some pupils do non work efficaciously when they are being watched and they may execute otherwise. handed-down Trial tralatitious appraisal ( TA ) refers to standardise proving that uses inquiries with a limited figure of reply picks. They can be multiple-choice footraces, fill-in-the-blanks, true-false, duplicate, essays and some short reply responses. Students typically select an reply or mobilize information to finish the appraisal. These trials may be interchangeable or teacher-created, and may be administered locally, province broad, or internationally. Other proving methods, sometimes known as performance-based appraisal, counterchange appraisal or reliable appraisal, focal point on the procedure by which a pupil arrives at an reply in add-on to the terminal response. Most standardised trials are non designed to measure the individualised growing and development taking topographic point in your schoolroom. But there are other assessment tools that doEarly on childhood pedagogues are uncomfortable with the thought of proving the immature kids they work with. This is because the traditional appraisal tools were designed in general for older elementary-school pupils. Children taking these trials are assessed on stray accomplishments in ways that are unfamiliar to them, and the trial consequences frequently do non reflect k ids s personal experiences or cognition.One of the primary benefits of traditional appraisal is the easiness in which decision makers and admittances professionals can analyse and compare pupil tonss. Standardized proving that relies wholly on quantifiable responses produces an appraisal that is easy to hit. Test shapers can categorise inquiries to find which countries pupils excel in and which they withdraw trouble with. Students consequences are comparable over clip and across a big, diverse group of pupils. recently nevertheless, new attacks to appraisal has been deriving credence among early childhood and primary class instructors. These are known as public presentation or reliable appraisal these new tools have many benefits that standardized trials do non, which are, that they consistently document what kids know and can make based on activities they engage in on a day-to-day footing in their schoolrooms. They are flexible plenty to let instructors to measure each kid s advancement utilizing information obtained from ongoing schoolroom interactions with stuffs and equals. They are a agencies for bettering direction, leting instructors to be after a comprehensive, developmentally oriented course of study based on their cognition of each kid.Traditional appraisal methods have the disadvantage of missing real-world context. Students answer inquiries one by one without the demand to use long-run critical logical intellection accomplishments. They besides lack opportunities to show their logical mentation accomplishments despite a deficiency of cognition about a inquiry s specific qualified affair. Alternate assessment methods allow pupils to use their accomplishments and cognition within a context that more about resembles job work outing and knowledge application in most occupations or day-to-day undertakings.Traditional appraisal besides has both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to the manner pedagogues teach. Traditional appraisal for ces pedagogues to pass clip learning pupils how to pull off trials, including schemes for choosing right replies from a listed group. Alternative appraisal allows pedagogues to concentrate on critical logical thinking accomplishments, which pupils will be able to use of course to long-form trial inquiries. However, in state of affairss where alternate appraisal replaces traditional appraisal, this means instructors need to larn new methods of trial readying and schools need to develop alternate signifiers of public presentation appraisal for their pupils and instructors.DecisionAppraisals are utile, effectual tools to help early childhood professionals in admiting and documenting each kid s advancement. Appraisals can be alone to each kid and the contents can concentrate on each kid s specific interactions with his or her environment, stuffs, equals, and instructors. Both parents and kids can work together positively. This tripartite conferencing and planning method, affecting instr uctors, parents, and kids, is a major end of reliable appraisal at once ( Ryan, p. 2 ) . Appraisals are practical and utile for both coverage and planning. The signifier and format are all-mains(prenominal) to each educational plan of immature kids.