Models of Lesson Planning for Mathematics

Models of Lesson Planning for Mathematics Introduction Planning the word it contains more weightage as compared to any other word. We can only achieve any target often a proper planning strategy. In planning what is target to achieve is our goal with the available resources. Planning also plays an important role in teaching-learning process. While, doing a proper planning in teaching the class environment got relaxed, teacher enjoys the teaching because the atmosphere as well the situations are properly arranged. By doing an intelligent planning a teacher avoids frustrations. Classroom transactions are also got smooth by using the strategies in a proper manner. Planning for Instructional Process Need for Planning Teaching occupies the central core of your life as a teacher. The teaching includes instruction in classroom tutorials, laboratory, workshops, and excursions, etc. Where teaching is not just an activity to transfer the education to the student but it involves modification in the behavior of the student. While planning, teacher must keep in mind the emphasis may be given to equal Weightage to all the content, not that one should given more focus and other is ignored completely. Presentation of material in a logical, systematic, and effective way The planning must cover the adequate coverage of subject matter The objective may be achieved in the given time The time factor and effort must be low and relevant The strategies must involve maximum development of child in minimum resources Advantages of Planning Planning means systematic organization of subject matter, better utilization and proper presentation of the resource: It fosters self-confidence and pride in our work The aids are properly explained and used by teacher Planning for one subject helps in integrating with other subjects A wide development in thinking about teaching is helpful to bring an order of teaching. Strategies for Planning Systematic planning of teaching work requires systematic organization of time in the institution. This could be done on long term and short term basis. Long term Planning: Long term planning may be termed as academic work planning that is it for a whole which is to come yet. List of holidays for schools including restricted, gazettes etc. As well as the different program to be organize by the school in the coming year that is activities to be organized as per the festivals as well as the tour and trips for the students. All teachers are allotted with their concerned subjects to be taught by them for the whole year, so that teachers may frame out their plan according to their need. Such plan give a ordered and fresh look to teaching learning practice in school as it was organized at the beginning. Teachers also plan theory courses as well as for practical activities, projects, and science exhibitions etc. Now we can say that a yearly plan is based on course purpose, course concepts, units, lessons, and evaluation items. Short term Planning: There are the specific activities which are planned by teacher for making their teaching effective which includes framing the lesson plan, use of teaching aid, in between so that the time may be utilized properly while delivering the lesson. Deciding the time limit, appropriate examples, real life incidence, use of appropriate aid all are included in it. Designs of Lesson Planning Defining a Lesson The term lesson is described in many ways by different educationists or teachers. A teacher takes teaching as a job to cover syllabus in the classroom; every class has 6-7 periods in a day (in general, a period runs over 35-40 minutes). A lesson is defined as a blueprint, a guide map, a plan for action. Lesson is a sequencing of teaching acts or events or episode in organized manner to generate a learning environment for our students. The lesson contains topics and sub-topic with necessary contents to be taught to the students in the classroom. Definitions N.L.Bossing in his book â€Å"Teaching in Secondary Schools† proposes the following definition of a lesson plan: â€Å"Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of all achievements to be realized and specific means by which these are to be attained as a result of the activities engaged day to day under the guidance of the teacher.† The Dictionary of Education defines a lesson plan as a teaching outline of the important points of a lesson arranged in the order in which they are to be presented; it may include objectives, questions to be asked, references to materials, evaluation, assignments, etc. Now you must be clear in mind that lesson planning is a product of short term or micro level planning involving: Identification of definite objectives, Selection of appropriate content and activities, Selection of procedures and methods for presentation of the content, Selection of evaluation exercises and Selection of follow up activities, etc. Approaches to Lesson Planning Generally various approaches are used to make a lesson plan. These approaches are Herbartian approach, Unit approach, Evaluation approach, and Project approach. A brief description is provided:- Herbartian Approach is based on apperceptive mass theory of learning. All the knowledge and information is to be given from outside by the teacher because the student is considered similar to a clean slate. For the students, if an old knowledge makes a base for new knowledge (his previous knowledge or experiences), it may be acquired easily and retained for a longer period. Herbart has given five steps:- Introduction, Presentation, Organistation, Comparison, and evaluation. The main focus is on content presentation. Unit Approach of Morrison is based on unit transaction and planning. The Morrison’s lesson plan of teaching is cyclic; Morrison has given five steps for his ‘cyclephase’ of teaching:- Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organisation, and Recitation. Evaluation Approach of B.S. Bloom in evaluation approach, education is objective centered not content centered. The focus in this approach is on objective based teaching and testing. It takes into consideration the learning objectives and teaching methods on the basis of the objectives and to assess learning outcomes. Then, a decision can be taken about objectives of learning are achieved or need to provide the revision. Project approach originated by Dewey and W.H.Kilpatrick stresses on group activity, social activity, self activity, and related to real life experiences. It is a pre-planned work completed by a person or group in social condition. Due to many reasons, it is not necessary that a lesson plan made by a teacher will be successful at every place and time. Many factors influence lesson planning such as Availability of teaching aids, Strength of students in the Class. Composition of the Class (Age wise). School Location (Area wise) The nature of the topic (Medium wise) etc. The list is not enough, few other factors from own experiences can be added. Writing a lesson Plan: Many written lesson plans are used by practicing teachers. A teacher needs some information about the class, students and their background before to attempt the lesson plan. In general, a Macro Lesson plan is divided into many stages/steps. We had introduced the approaches of lesson planning. Now, one can write a macro lesson plan based on different approaches. HERBARTIAN APPROACH The steps are given below: General information: regarding the topic, sub-topic, subject, time, class, and age level of children. Instructional Objectives (General Objectives and Specific Objectives): We know that at different grade levels, all subjects have general objectives, and specific objectives are written in behavioural terms. Specific Objectives focuses on the expected outcomes of teaching and the topic in a given time period. These specific objectives also known as instructional objectives, which are observable and measurable. It is required to identify the behavioural objectives and state these objectives in a clear and simple language. Instructional Aids: The development of a new lesson plan is based on the standard and knowledge of students. Instructional are used by the teacher to make understand the chapter or topic easily. One picture delivers the message of thousand words. Teacher assumes that the previous knowledge of students related to the content can test and teaching will become easy through aids. Introduction: in this step topic is introduced mainly through introductory questions or by creating the appropriate situations. New knowledge or information of students is linked with their previous knowledge by assuming and testing. Presentation: In presentation the ways of relevant content is presented. A teacher develops the lesson Plan by asking many questions and receiving responses presented by the students’. Students’ response helps the teacher for further presentation of the content. The presentation stage is interactive in the real classroom situation. It depends on teachers’ communication and teaching skills like questioning, explaining, giving demonstration and providing reinforcement on desirable student behaviour. Recapitulation: This step helps the teacher to find out the extent of learning that occurs during instruction. The teacher does this by asking several questions. This stage provides feedback to the teacher about the teaching learning process. Blackboard summary: In the classroom during the instruction, the board is used by the teacher to write the teaching points, summary and explanations. Board is used simultaneously when lesson is being delivered in the classroom. Home Assignment: At last, in the end of the teaching session, thought provoking, suitable questions or activities must be planned and given to the students. It gives a chance of revision or practice to the students. Home assignment also gives an opportunity to students to assimilate, whatever they have learned. 3. EVALUATION APPROACH The design of lesson plan according to this approach consists of three aspects: Input, Process and Output. Input: It contains the identification of objectives in behavioral terms. These are known as Expected Behavioural Outcomes (EBOs). During this the entering behavior of the learners is also identified. With the help of instructional objectives, the sequence of instructional procedure is determined. These objectives are classified into four categories: Knowledge, Understanding, Application and Creativity. These objectives can be transformed in behavioural terms. Process: This is an interactive stage when teacher actually communicating with students in the classroom. For effective presentation of the content, teacher has to choose different teaching strategies, audio-visual, and all support materials. Output: This aspect of instructional procedure refers to real learning outcomes (RLOs). This is equivalent to terminal behaviour which is measured by using oral and written questions. This aspect is considered for measuring of the desirable change in behaviour of students. Illustration of Lesson Plan Format of Presentation: Effective teaching needs proper planning, transaction in the classroom and feedback. Practically there are three stages of a planned lesson: Pre-active, Interactive, and Post- Active. Pre-active stage is a stage of planning before going to the classroom. The Interactive stage is a stage of interaction between teacher and students in the real classroom situation. Post active stage is a stage of self evaluation of our teaching work. There is not be a single format for writing a lesson plan because it varies from teacher to teacher and subject to subject, the only thing which can be suggested is that it should be a well-organised structure, it follows basic fundamental parts of a lesson. Some of the formats based on different approaches to lesson planning. Teachers’ are free to make changes according to the objectives you plan to achieve and the nature of the subject etc. (i) Herbartian Lesson Plan Format Subject: Date: Unit: School: Topic: Class: Duration: Period: General Objectives: Specific Objectives: Teaching Aids: Method: Previous Knowledge: Introduction: Statement of the Topic/Aim: Presentation or Development of the Lesson: OR Recapitulation: Black Board Summary: Home Assignment: Reference: Note: Order of S. No. 1 to 5 may be changed according to your needs. In presentation/development objectives, teaching-learning activities and evaluation are in relation to particular teaching point/content. If evaluation of students learning is done for each teaching act/episode, then you may ignore recapitulation at the fag end of the lesson. Black board summary should be developed as the lesson progresses. ii) Blooms or Evaluation Lesson Plan Format Subject: Date: Unit: School: Lesson: Class: Duration: Specific Objectives: Previous Knowledge: Introduction: Statement of the Topic/Aim: Presentation: 6) Evaluation: 7) Home Work: 8) References: Note The objectives are to be written in behavioural terms. The teaching activities are to be related to the learning structures. Black Board Summary should be developed as the lesson progresses. iii) RCEM Lesson Plan Format Date: Subject: School: Unit: Class: Topic/Lesson: Duration: Concepts : Teaching Aids : Previous Knowledge : Introduction: Statement of the Aim/Topic : Presentation: Black Board Summary: Home Assignment: References: Note RCEM is Regional College of Education, Mysore. Concepts are to be identified through content analysis. Black Board Summary to be developed as the lesson progresses. Characteristics of Lesson Plan You may plan your lesson based on any format discussed above, but a good lesson plan must have following characteristics: It must be flexible; Its contents are organized in the light of attainable objectives; It is rich with respect to students activities and evaluation exercises; It has link with the previous and future lesson; It includes relevant home assignment and activities for students.

Appendix E Strategies for Gathering and Evaluating Sources

Associate Level Material Appendix E Strategies for Gathering and Evaluating Sources |Source |What makes the source credible or what does not make it |Explain in at least two to four sentences | | |credible? Consider the following when addressing the |what information you can gather from this | | |source: |source? | | | | | |What is the author’s affiliation to any organization | | | |related to the subject of the article? Does he or she have| | | |an ulterior motive? | | | | | | |What is the author’s experience with the subject, | | | |including academic or professional credentials related to | | | |the subject of the source article?Does she or he have | | | |what it takes to understand the complexities of the | | | |subject? | | | | | | |Does this article report on information that the author | | | |experienced personally, or is it a summary or retelling of| | | |information from other sources? How close is the author to| | | |the actual information? | | | | | | |I s the information current? When was the information | | | |published or last updated? Might there be resources with | | | |more current information? | | | | | | |In general, does the information in the source article | | | |match the information found in other sources? Or is the | | | |information different or unique?Can this information be | | | |confirmed by more sources than just this one? | | | | | | | |Does the source make any claims without having evidence to| | | |support them? | | |Source name |I do believe this is a credible source.The author Erich |This article explores the significance of | | |Goode has provided an ample amount of evidence to support |the self-control, and the relationship | |Authors: Goode, Erich |his claim. One source of evidence is through the Youth |between drug use, crime and the effect on | | |Behavior Risk Surveillance study, a nationally |our society. It states that individuals who| |Source: DRUG abuse & crime. Out of|representative survey. The author has also used sources, |use drugs are more likely to commit crimes. | |Control: Assessing theGeneral |such as Jo Anne Grunbaum from the Centers for Disease |People who engage in criminal or delinquent| |Theory of Crime; 2008, p185-199, |Control and Prevention for |behavior are statistically more likely to | |15p |assisting in obtaining the raw data for this study. This |use drugs, drink alcohol, and smoke | | |source provides Gottfredson and Hirschi’s views on this |cigarette. More than individuals who do not| | |matter, who are criminologists and drug use specialists. engage in criminal or delinquent behavior. | | |So the information provided by this source is confirmed by|The more frequently individuals use drugs | | |specialist and experts in the field. The content is up to |for recreational purposes, the | | |date, for example, the collection of position papers and |greater the likelihood that they engage in | | |their references in Toward a Drugs and Crime Researc h |criminal behavior. | |Agenda for the 21st Century. | | |Source name |I do believe this source is credible with up to date | | | |information. The author has the proper credentials related|This article examines the process of | |Authors: |to this subject through the Boise State University, Boise,|becoming addicted to drugs via epigenetic | |Walsh, Anthony |ID, USA. Also the source comes from an academic journal. processes. Frequent drug usage leads to an | |Johnson, Hailey |The information provided by the author is not claims, but |allosteric (the changing of a physiological| |Bolen, Jonathan D. |is the actual process the brain goes through when a person|system by the calibration its set points) | | |uses drugs. |brain changes in its pleasure centers. This| |Source: Journal of Contemporary | |is the evidence needed to explain why | |Criminal Justice; Aug2012, Vol. 8| |people addicted to drugs, engage in | |Issue 3, p314-328, 15p | |criminal behavior. | | | | | |Source name |I have found this source to be credible. Both authors have| | | |the proper credentials related to this topic.Julie M. |This article examines whether drug use and | |Authors: |Ford, Ph. D. , is an Assistant Professor in the Department |the presence of visible drug sales lead to | |Ford, Julie |of Sociology at SUNY-Brockport. Her research includes |elevated levels of three types of crime: | |Beveridge, Andrew |urban and disadvantaged communities |assault; burglary and theft. For crime | | |and substance use. Andrew A. Beveridge, Ph. D. is a |victimization rates by neighborhood, it is | |Source: Neighborhood Crime |Professor in the Department of Sociology at Queens College|found that for burglary, neighborhood | |Victimization, Drug Use and Drug |and the Graduate Center of CUNY. His research includes |disadvantage, the presence of visible drug | |Sales. Conference Papers/American |historical population change and the analysis of |sales and drug use are related to | |Sociological Associa tion; 2006 |neighborhoods and other geographic factors. This paper |victimization.For assault, only | |Annual Meeting, Montreal, p1, 37p |provides evidence through data from the Fighting Back |neighborhood disadvantage and visible drug | | |evaluation to examine the empirical relation between drug |sales are statistically significant; and | | |use and the neighborhood-level presence of drug |for theft, only visible drug sales | | |dealing, and burglary, theft and assault rates and |influence the rate of criminal activity. | |victimization. | | |Source name |I cannot find that this source to be completely credible. | | | |Although the authors do have some credentials through |The purpose of the proposed article is to | |Authors: |University of Delaware, Emeritus. This source has done |improve the understanding of the | |Anderson, Tammy L. research to back their theory, but have yet to provide the|relationship between drug use and violence | |Harrison, Lana |evidence or results in thi s paper. The information is |among youth in the early 21st century. This| |Freeman, Charles |unique and does differ from other sources, but does not |paper takes an unique conceptual approach | | |have the resources to confirm it. by integrating ideas from Agnew’s general | |Source: General Strain Theory and | |strain theory (GST) with Goldstein’s | |the Drugs/Violence Nexus. | |tripartite model to advance scholarship on | |Conference Papers — American | |the relationship between drugs and | |Sociological Association; 2003 | |violence.This article specifically, | |Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, | |explains the types of strain-induced | |p1-29, 29p, 4 Diagrams | |emotional states that are motivated by | | | |drugs leading to violence and crime. | |Source name |I found this article on the web, and was not able to find | | | |the authors name.I do believe it is credible, because the|The consequences of drug use or abuse in | | |article provides a large amount of evidence to confirm the|society take a profound toll on families, | |DRUG USE AND RELATED ADVERSE |facts they have provided. The evidence provided are from a|schools, and other community institutions | |BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES|number of different studies on the adverse social and |and burden the criminal justice, health | | |behavioral consequences of drug use |care, and social welfare systems.Evidence | |National Institute on Drug Abuse |or abuse need to integrate both community and individual |has shown that not only does drug abuse has| | |level factors. The facts provided are also very similar to|detrimental effects on youth lives but also| | |what I have found from other credible sources. The |has adverse ramifications for their | | |research provided is also update throughout the article. transition into adulthood. Such as | | | |marriage, continuity of employment, | | | |criminal activities, parenting behavior. | | | |. | | | | |Source name |I have found thi s source to be credible. All the authors |The psychological factors that contribute | | |have the proper credentials related to this subject. They |to and characterize | |Authors: |have proven they have experience in this field and are |criminality are numerous. They include: | |David Deitch, Ph.D. |able understand and explain the complexities of the |manipulation, | |Igor Koutsenok M. D. Amanda Ruiz, |subject. They have also provided the proper references, |impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration,| |M. D. |which can be affiliated with this field. They have |the propensity and | | |researched areas of the information in the article, but |the need for danger or thrill seeking, poor| |Source: The Relationship Between |have yet to provide the results.I do think it is a |consequential | |Crime and Drugs: What We Have |credible source because of all the other reasons, and they|thinking, poor option generation, poor use | |Learned in Recent Decades |are not throwing out any ridiculous information about the |of leisure time, affiliation in terms of | | |subject. |social identity with the criminal class, | | |easy dissatisfaction or boredom with | | | |conventional activity alienation from | | | |general socialization, identifying with | | | |whole groups of people who have been | | | |socialized into gang behavior. |

Children speech and language development Essay

From the time of birth to three years, children’s brain known to grow quickly. This makes it very important for early intervention to treat autism disorder at this age. It needs a therapy hence during this age the children have not yet started going to school hence very available for this exercise. Also at this age children have less ingrained habits. This makes it easier to stop this behavior for it might turn to intractable once left for a long period. 2. The sharp rise may be because most mass media in most countries have no access to the right information. It is also because of people neglecting vaccines and its additive. There is a lot of mercury present in many vaccines and this accelerates the development of autism among children. Mercury is not only harmful but it is toxic to our brains. 3. Naturalistic this is because it orients the child to the practical world. The children learns from the environment in which they live in and also pass. In this case, students learn more on themselves and the environment as a whole. In so doing the children develop themselves as they interact with the rest of the world. The environmental contribution to children’s speech and language acquisition is put in to weight by analysists. Skinner (1957). 4. An effective intervention may have the following elements: â€Å"Child talk† communication pattern. They should be outgrown well to avoid bringing learning problems to the child. One should make sure that communication skills are learned by the child before she is five years old. this is the age when the brain is developing quickly. The involvement of a pathologists is very important to children with speech disorder. The child’s teacher should be aware of the best method to deliver the communication skills to the child during class time. The family of the child should also be involved during the development of objectives and methods of facilitating the most effective therapy. Counselors can be included for the suggestion of effective strategies which will assist in linking the several phases of development. The element of technology should be considered and the use of communication systems which mainly requires electronics. These are very important for people with physical l disabilities. Brise, A. (2000). 5. It is a bit difficult for for speech to be replaced by reading during learning English because People cannot wait to learn instead of making speech because it is easier to pass the required information without much struggle. Speech is also the first and the quickest thing to be learn even before children start attending schools. The skills needed to compensate for children with visual impairments are: tools use and using modifications. Tools like braille for communication are very important. Use of computers and adaptations for writing. 6. Some of the compensation required for visual impairment are using tools for example glasses, involving educational tasks for the children and providing opportunities that enable the students to interact with the environment. The teacher can also use large writings on the board and make use of recorded materials. The use of assistive technology is of importance especially during the writing practice. Leisure activities should also be provided to these people for the development of skills. Personal management should be allowed to visually impaired student who in order for them to judge their abilities and skills. This will assist them live independently. Social interactions should highly be considered to enable the children grow in a relationship world. This will assist them solve their problems for companionship purposes. Mobility of the students either through traveling or having picnics should be put into consideration for it will help them understand the world better they live better. 7. A child with impairment may it be health or physical, will always be isolated by the rest who are healthy and fit. This isolation leads to loneliness among the impairment children . They always lack partners to play with and to appreciate them. This in turn may lead to poor social development of the child. They often depend on themselves and only little assistance is received from their parents. Many people and communities see these people as a bad omen in the society and may look for any way to terminate them even before they reach the age of ten. Many people will look down upon them making them loss their self perception. This bad perception from many people on children with physical impairment should be avoided and instead introduction of homes to care for them be introduced. 8. Special curriculum should be provided for disabled people. Teaching practices should be of high class and clear discussions made. More concentration should be made on these people compared to those without special needs. 9. Bright students also require special education because this is a disability of a kind. They should never be mixed with the slow learners because they try to understand quickly to others. 10. Teachers should make sure that they organize a class discussion for all the students to participate in. this vigorous exercise will make all the student feel important and equal. The teacher should organize for a games while teaching or during break hours. This will make all participate and refresh them too. Community service is important to all. This will make the student serve the community they live in. Both local and international internships should be organized for disabled students this also make them feel part and parcel of the community. Lesson plan by the teachers should be available to all the learners. References. Skinner, D. (1957). Children speech and language development. Harvard university press. Brise, A. (2000). Communication disorders among the young people. Arlington.

Mesopotami A Most Essential Civilization - 1827 Words

Mesopotamia was a very essential civilization. During 4000 BCE, the Ubaid period began. This stage of Mesopotamian life gives one a prime example of a successful civilization. The Ubaid period also involved many interesting events that created the name of this prosperous culture. Pottery expanded to the fullest during this time. Inventions were constructed and were found out to be an accomplishment. They discovered that they could work and build at a much faster and easier pace using these inventions. Architecture and designs were a huge discovery. The buildings and designs that were created during the Ubaid period were astonishing. These reasons and many others are why the Ubaid era was such a memorable time for the Mesopotamians.†¦show more content†¦Many events and actions took place during this time. Mesopotamia was an outstanding civilization and contained many treasures, including pottery, inventions, architecture, and Ziggurats. Civilizations, like Mesopotamia, are cr eated and formed all over the world. What we see as normal can be seen as a total obscenity in another. During the Ubaid era, if a woman cheats on her husband, it is considered a crime and she would get put to death. In today’s society, this would be unethical and wrong but not considered a crime with a death sentence. Mesopotamia had a very strong society, which is always required for any civilization in order for them to become successful. The Ubaid period contained citizens who were smart and developed the ability to survive. This is the main key to acquiring a successful society. Back in beginning of the world, growing and hunting for food was a big factor. We need food and nutrients in order to survive. People who lived in Mesopotamia during the Ubaid period were able to feed themselves and their loved ones. Longer lasting lives were obtainable to them. â€Å"Groups of humans tailored their lifestyles to local conditions. In the eastern part of the region, hunter-gather ers moved up and down the mountains, depending on the season. In the spring they pursued herds of wild sheep and goats up to higher elevations, harvesting wild grasses along the way.† (Hackney Blackwell) Citizens need a way to protect