Telecommunications of International Travel Essay Sample free essay sample

Travel is the motion of people from one location to another. There are seven major grounds why people travel. These are for touristry. sing relations and friends. carry oning concern or trade. go toing maps. presenting objects. migration and pilgrims journeies. Tourism is considered as a recreational type of travel where historical or culturally of import locations are explored by traveling topographic points. Visiting relations and friends are a common behaviour for people that are populating or working far apart. Travel is sometimes a demand for concerns or trade since the exchange of stuffs and resources are usually undertaken to make full the demand for these goods in different locations. Work and meetings by and large implies theodolite since there is a demand to congregate people and maps to accomplish specific ends. Migration implies pull outing a individual or a household from one state to be able to settle in another piece pilgrims journeies are journeys to topographic point s associated to spiritual patterns or beliefs ( Massey et. We will write a custom essay sample on Telecommunications of International Travel Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Al. . 2005 ) . In 2005. people who traveled for touristry intents exceeded 800 million which is 42 million more than in 2004. Of the 42 million travellers. 18 million were in the European continent. 11 M in the Pacific part. 7 M in the Americas. 3 M in the African continent and 2 M in Middle East states. These contributed to an overall 5. 5 % addition of travellers around the universe in the touristry sector. This tendency was attributed to the handiness of lowered airfares and go oning addition in the demand for vacations ( UNWTO. 2006 ) . Business travel is categorized in four categories. These are meetings. business-related leisure. conferences and trade expoundings. Recent alterations in the planetary economic system are impacting concern travellers with the prominence of long-haul plane and train service. Business travel is seen to be dropping from the current 2. 4 per hebdomad to 2 in the close hereafter due to the displacement towards for economical and efficient avenues such as teleconferencing and video-conferencing ( Olson. 1983 ) . Human migration predates civilisations and continues to happen throughout human history. Immigration refers to motion of people with deductions on a long-run lasting abode while labour migration is considered seasonal but is besides a signifier of in-migration. One hundred 90 million international migrators were estimated by the United Nations in 2005. This figure is approximately 3 % of the entire population of the universe. The remainder or 97 % of the universe population are sedentary and did non go forth their original states or nation-states for that same twelvemonth. Causes of migration are variable and these include poorness and hunt for better pay rates. natural catastrophes. work or spiritual grounds. political and racial persecution. diplomatic service. instruction and retirement ( Massey. 2005 ) . Telecommunications â€Å"Telecommunications is an electronic agencies of accomplishing interactions. traffics. and other personal businesss that constitute human activities such as conversations. conferences. direction. aid. sharing. trade. and doing contracts through the usage of telephone. mail. cyberspace and other signifiers of message conveyance. Telecommunications can be considered as a transit of information† ( Salomon A ; Schofer. 1991 ) . Advanced telecommunications may besides include hive awaying. change overing. adding value to. screening. and obtaining information. The importance of advanced telecommunications transcends the straightforward conductivity of an electromagnetic signal. The transit of information through the implements of telecommunications may be facilitated in the transmutation from physical formats such as paperss or recordings. It besides indicates that information that is being carried in transit vehicles could be carried in the same mode as through telecommunications channels ( Niles. 1994 ) . Telecommunications volume is composed of electronic and optical information cyclosis and has been touted as agencies for cut downing travel by transporting information electromagnetically over wires and through signals alternatively of transporting people and paperss in vehicles ( Mokhtarian. 1990 ) . Telecommunications of International Travel Communication can be categorized into three major types. each asking some extent of travel to take topographic point. First is face-to-face communicating. which involves rider motion. Second is the passenger car of an object transporting information such a study. papers or discs. which involves cargo transportation or goods transit. Third is telecommunications. which involves the transit of signals over overseas telegrams or airwaves ( Mokhtarian. 1990 ) . In the seventiess. computing machines and information engineering crept and invaded the workplace. In add-on. the menace of energy crises in that decennary helped set on path the geographic expedition of telecommunication tools as options of cut downing travel. energy and fiscal branchings connected to it. In the following decennary. the focal point on bettering air quality and take downing urban jamming highlighted the demand for farther survey and application of these new engineerings coupled with the speed uping rate of progresss in information and communicating tools which include personal computing machines and fax machines. Another decennary came and a profuse proliferation of more advanced engineering was witnessed. This was 1990s and cellular phones. electronic mail. and the Internet became platitude and readily accepted as communicating channels in private. concern and authorities minutess ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . The effects of telecommunications engineerings on non-work international transit are really of import. Since non-work travel is usually more variable and independent than work travel. it is more unfastened to the influence of modern engineerings. Non-work travel is more flexible since there is increased assortment of pick of going clip. manner of transit. class. itinerary. finish and frequence while work-related travel is relatively more preset from the really start. Furthermore. non-work travel is on the rise compared to the diminution of work-related travel ( Salomon. 1986 ) . Tools for Telecommunication in International Travel Mobile phones permit calls to be made and received during international travel at sensible rates. and may besides offer coverage back at place. Some can besides allow one look into electronic mail and surf the Internet. whatever state a individual is in. Forty per centum of the populations of the United States and European states use nomadic telephones. Unfortunately most wireless phones provided in the United States use a system that is incompatible with telecommunications webs in other states. which can ensue to unexpected backdown for international travellers used to remaining in contact all the clip. Other options are available to contradict the effects of the abovementioned limitation for international travellers. First is purchasing a SIM card. which can be the best option for international travellers since it is one of the most convenient and cheapest options available. When a GSM phone is bought in the U. S. . an extra SIM card can besides be bought in other states that provi de a local Mobile phone figure. which can be inserted whenever a traveller is in that state. This option removes the demand to lease or purchase a new phone every clip a traveller is in another state. The 2nd option is purchasing a GSM phone with rolling capableness. This enables the traveller to retain the same nomadic phone figure even in other states. The disadvantage is the expensive call rates. The 3rd option is leasing a nomadic phone in international finishs. It may supply changeless and nomadic connectivity and lower call rates but this would intend another figure and returning the unit after several yearss or months. The 4th option is purchasing a nomadic phone in an international finish. All of the above advantages can be obtained together with the minus side of a new figure. This option is recommended for individuals who are be aftering to remain in a peculiar state for a long clip or has decided to settle in that new location ( Salomon A ; Schofer. 1991 ) . Aside from nomadic phones at that place besides electronic mail options. Most international travellers use e-mail and the Internet to pass on particularly for concern people. This is done through the usage of laptops or other appliances with Internet connectivity. Most hotels and conference locales besides provide these services as necessities in this sector. Furthermore. there is proliferation of Internet stores or coffeehouse in other states even in 3rd universe 1s. Most aeroplanes. airdromes and terminuss besides provide Internet connectivity that the international traveller can take advantage of ( Frew. 2000 ) . How Telecommunications Reduces Traffic Some telecommunications services result to information watercourses that were once conveyed by physical transit such as the usage of a facsimile that antecedently went through the aid of a courier or attending of an of import meeting by a delegate through teleconferencing alternatively of driving several stat mis across two metropoliss. There are legion ways that the transportation of information can be greatly cut down therefore extinguishing the demand for insistent motion of paperss such as in the instance of utilizing facsimile and electronic mail or people such as teleconferencing or doing phone calls. The degrees of demand for telecommunications alternatively of travel vary by propinquity or state of affairs ( Niles. 1984 ) . Telecommunications permits workers who would normally transpose from abode to a work topographic point to telecommute from a house or from a topographic point closer to abode. It allows informations to be sent in electronic province instead than in physical signifier such as a papers. It facilitates human communicating from distant countries instead than go to a specific meeting location ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . It makes possible the distribution to divide. single audience of communal events such as featuring. attractive forces. political. traditions. and other activities alternatively of necessitating the audience to congregate and witness a peculiar event ( Niles. 1984 ) . It facilitates aggregation of information from separate beginnings into a peculiar point through distant feeling alternatively of boring human observation. It helps travellers to be after more productive travel via distant research. understandings. and geographic expeditions of possible jobs. which makes existent trips unneeded. It enables consumers to buy points without traveling to a shop and at the same clip allows the motion of merchandises to jump the wholesale and retail distribution measure of selling ( Garrison. 1988 ) . Servicess and minutess that require travel can be accessed or provided through automatic systems such as electronic banking. Internet and telephone minutess. Travel can besides be reduced for household members since telecasting and Internet can supply most of amusement and socio-economic activities required. Besides. telecommunications can cut down figure the figure of vehicles through coordination of travellers who may choose to portion drives or program more efficient transit manners and paths ( Niles. 1984 ) . How Telecommunications Enhances Travel Telecommunications besides has an heightening consequence on travel by increasing the efficiency of transit systems through acceleration of information exchange among critical nodes and gateways. Telecommunications is ideally used to do transit and travel safer. more reliable. quicker and more prolific. This is achieved through the changeless entree and flexible applications of radio telephone services such as cellular phones. use of which has dramatically increased among travellers and other people involved in the transit sector ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . Information engineering. with all its applications and advantages. lowers the natural transit value thereby guaranting efficiency. answerability and adaptability. There is displacement toward an ineluctable integrating of telecommunications and travel as evidenced by applications of wireless. cellular phones. travel information systems. satellite Global Positioning Systems and the similar. Traffic systems doing usage of information gathered from long-standing traffic monitoring plans are besides being utilized to develop more efficient. drum sander and safer travel along complex main road systems that may besides ensue to the development of intelligent vehicle systems that can avoid terrible traffic breaks and commuter uncomfortableness. ( Niles and Toliver. 1992 ) . Telecommunications has four emerging constituents. These are telework. teleservices. teleprocess and telestructure. Telework represents telecommunications-enabled shamble of the locations of the workers. Telework encompasses telecommuting or a state of affairs where employees work at place alternatively of office locations. The prevalence of nomadic selling forces and suburban information processing services are illustrations of the outgrowth of telework. Teleservices is a telecommunications-enabled alteration on the locations where goods and services are brought to the clients. Examples of which are distance instruction. automatic Teller or hard currency machines. proviso of services over the phone like in the instance of consultancy. Teleservices are of import in the entire metropolis traffic crisis since these have a great impact on non-work travel forms. which consists of shopping and other consumer activities. Teleprocesses is composed of telecommunications-enabled trade. indust ry. logistics. economic sciences. and organisational procedures of corporations and of pudding stones. This is achieved through the usage of computing machine webs and other manners of informations interchange. This phenomenon creates clients. employee. and supplier transit. Telestructure: agencies telecommunications infrastructure such as intelligent edifices. computerized traffic direction. and the national populace controlled telephone connexions. It provides the skeleton for the three other phenomena of telecommunications ( Niles. 1994 ) . Substitution of International Travel with Telecommunications Due to the broad applications and maps of telecommunications. an at hand permutation of travel with telecommunications becomes ineluctable. Peoples associated in authorities. concern. touristry and other involvements have the ability and chance to impact a displacement toward greater usage of teleprocess that fundamentally entails increased dependance on telecommunications alternatively of transit. This starts in the integrating of telecommunications in the transit system and gradual displacement to telecommunications-oriented nature of travel ( Mokhtarian. 1990 ) . Travel riddance is merely an consequence of the purpose of modernizing services through the usage of more convenient and more efficient telecommunications solutions in stead of conveyance jobs. Added to this is the eventful lowering of value or monetary value of the said services because of the easiness and adaptability among travellers. Travels that are involved in authorities and concern activities are largely affected by this displacement chiefly because these are the marks for cost-cutting and efficiency attempts to supply better service or increase profitableness ( Niles. 1984 ) . Tourism and other related types of travel non inhibited by limitations on factors listed supra are in more flexible state of affairs with respects to the permutation of travel with telecommunications. While better telecommunications may heighten conveyance. amusement and other cultural wonders and may besides be delivered by telecommunications media therefore controling the demand for leisure travels. Therefore. this permutation has no unequivocal or predicted impact on touristry ( Garrison. 1989 ) . Expectations on Telecommunications of Travel Some experts predict the happening of either complementation or permutation of telecommunications to go. These state of affairss are bases on the premiss that engineering will go on to progress unabated. The steady input of more convenient and quicker manners of telecommunication lowers the necessity of international travel whether in concern or touristry. But there are besides outlooks on the lowering of the cost of international travel. This means that alternatively of permutation or complementation. there may even be competition. The two sides are bring forthing more attractive tools and options that were neer at that place earlier. Peoples are hence in a bind whether to use either of the two to accomplish their intent. One addition of telecommunications in the engineering and monetary value war is a loss for the transit services and frailty versa. But in all. the general form of convenience and lowered monetary value for the two services will besides connote addition of people wh o may be enticed to go endorsers or consumers with greater information and fiscal freedom people are sing with the economic growing in approaching old ages ( Niles. 1976 ) . On the other manus. if current tendencies continue in the hereafter. the existent monetary value of international will travel down or stay at a comparatively stable rate. In the instance of sudden addition in the cost of international travel caused by a great demand on the service. effects of geopolitical alterations and natural catastrophes. the permutation of telecommunications for the accomplishment of transit intents is clearly expected. It is non merely attractive in the economic and logistic point-of-view but besides in visible radiation of the current realisation for more environmentally friendly activities such as the decrease of nursery gases and energy preservation ( Mokhtarian. 2003 ) . Tourism has been the Jesus for the travel industry. International or world-renowned topographic points are pulling more and more tourers due chiefly through the aid of advanced telecommunications. Pictures of tourer attractive forces in Internet advertizements or viva-voce publicities through the usage of telephone services can merely add to the demand for travel for touristry. The universe is acquiring smaller for tourers with the add-on of flights to antecedently restricted parts. International travellers have the option of drawn-out holidaies or frequent jaunts due to the tremendous provender and ingestion of information in nomadic phones. telephones and the Internet. All factors considered. so. telecommunications and international travel were proven to hold risen together through many past technological developments. geopolitical events and natural and semisynthetic catastrophes. There is no compelling grounds at present to believe that bing and prospective events will well alter that correlativity. Mentions Clark. D. and K Unwin. ( 1981 ) . Telecommunications and travel: Potential impact in rural countries. Journal of Regional Surveies. Frew. Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . Publications and communications engineering research in the travel and touristry sphere: Position and way.Journal of Travel Research. Vol. 39. No. 2. 136-145. Garrison. William and Elizabeth Deakin. ( 1988 ) . Travel. work. and telecommunications: A position of the electronics revolution and its possible impacts. †Transportation Research A. Vol. 22A. No. 4. pp. 81-95 Jack M. Nilles. ( 1976 ) . Telecommunications-transportation trade-off: Options for tomorrow. . New York: John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. Massey. D. S. . Arango. Joaquin. Graeme. Hugo. Kouaouci. Ali. Pellegrino. Adela and Taylor. J. Edward ( 2005 ) .Universes in Gesture: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. New York: Oxford. Mokhtarian. Patricia L. ( 1990 ) . A typology of relationships between telecommunications and transit. †Transportation ResearchVol. 24A. No. 3. pp. 231-242. Mokhtarian. P. L. . and I. Salomon. ( 1997 ) . Emerging travel forms: Do telecommunications do a difference? Resource Paper. Presented at the 8th Meeting of the International Association for Travel Behavior Research. Austin. Texas. Sept. 21–25. 1997. Mokhtarian. Patricia L. ( 2003 ) . Telecommunications and travel: The instance of complementarity.Journal of Industrial EcologyVolume 6. Number 2. Nile rivers. J. ( 1994 ) . Beyond teleworking: A new paradigm for the consequence of telecommunications on travel. Report No. DOE/ER-0626. U. S. Department of Energy. Offices of Energy Research. Retrieved April 2. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lbl. gov/ICSD/Niles. Nile rivers. John S. . and Paul A. Toliver. ( 1992 ) . IVHS engineering for bettering ridesharing.Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society of America.May 1992. Olson. Margrethe H. ( 1983 ) . Remote office work: changing work forms in infinite and clip. Communicationss of the ACM. New York: ACM Press. Salomon. I. ( 1998 ) . Technological alteration and societal prediction: The instance of telecommuting as a travel replacement.Transportation ResearchVol. 6. No. 1/2. pp. 17–45. Salomon. I. ( 1986 ) . Telecommunications and travel relationships: A reappraisal.Transportation Research A( no. 3 ) : 223-38. Salomon. I. . and J. Schofer. ( 1991 ) . Transportation system and telecommunications costs: Some deductions of geographical graduated table.The Annals of Regional ScienceVol. 25. No. 1 United Nations World Tourism Organization. ( 2006 ) . International touristry up by 5. 5 % to 808 million reachings in 2005.World Tourism Barometer. Vol. 4 No. 1.

How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians

How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians Introduction The book of First John has received relatively less attention from biblical scholars compared to other sections of the gospel. Part of this diminished attention stems from the ambiguity regarding the role of the Holy Spirit in the book of First John. Here, critics often say the book of John undermines the prominence and role of the Holy Spirit in Christians’ lives. For example, Nissen argues that the gospel speaks little of the Holy Spirit and does not portray it as a key theme.1Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fears are rife that, from the abstract understanding of the portrayal of the Holy Spirit in the gospel of John, many people will understand it as a lower case issue, hence refer to it as the â€Å"spirit,† as opposed to â€Å"holy spirit.† Although such fears are rife, the true question that arises in this analysis is if the book according to John de-emphasizes the prominence of the Holy Spirit. This paper shows that this belief is false because the apostle firmly entrenches the Holy Spirit in the life of Christians and believers alike. To affirm this claim, this paper draws a connection between the Holy Spirit and Christ. It also shows that the Holy Spirit is central to the rebirth of Christians (baptism) and helps them to live according to the word of God. The importance of this investigation stems from a careful consideration of the critical role that the Holy Spirit plays in the spiritual nourishment of Christians. Moreover, The apostle John emphasizes the importance of the holy spirit in his biblical teachings. Therefore, contrary to the opinion of some observers, this paper argues that the book of John shows that the Holy Spirit is critical to the nourishment of Christians’ lives. The Background Some biblical scholars believe t hat some people have misrepresented the role of the Holy Spirit in the book of John because of its ambiguous depiction in the gospel.2 In fact, their views show that most of these misrepresentations have brought a cessation from the orthodox view of the same issue. The secessionist group that has promoted this view has merged into a larger movement known as â€Å"second century Gnosticism.†3 This view largely explains the departure of the heretics (2:19) because they believed they were the sole confidants of the true recipients and guardians of the spiritual truth, which was supposed to explain the role of the Holy Spirit. In line with this view, the Apostle John draws a connection between his teachings with the true anointing. In the same breadth, he warns believers against false prophets who may purport to be preaching the word of God. Based on these highlights, we find that the main conflict regarding the portrayal of the role of the Holy Spirit emerged from John’s pneumatological community. The apostle combats this issue on two fronts. First, he explains the important role of the Holy Spirit on Christ’s life on earth. He did so because some people considered Jesus’ life to lack salvific importance.4 Relative to this view, the Holy Spirit bears witness to the historical Jesus.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This reference is particularly associated with the baptism and resurrection of Christ. Besides showing the important role of the Holy Spirit in Jesus’ life, John also shows the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer. Relative to this assertion he says a true believer cannot benefit from the fruits of salvation without the power of the Holy Spirit. Secondly, he claims that, without the Holy Spirit, a true believer would not distinguish truth from error, or live in truth in the firs t place. These issues are the true highlights of authentic Pneumatology that characterized the gospel according to John. Connection between the Spirit and Christ According to Kostenberg, John compares the spirit with the earthly life of Jesus Christ and his sacrificial death for the sins of humanity.5 He drew this comparison because the heretics did not consider the life of Jesus to be significant for salvation and daily experience. In verse 5: 6-8, the apostle John called on all people to heed to the word of God because of his saving work on the cross.6 Some verses are difficult to interpret in this form.7 Particularly, 1John 5:6 highlights the difficulty in understanding this message. There are three main viewpoints here. The first stems from the view of the blood and water, which symbolizes Christ’s crucifixion and the last supper. The main message in this verse is the importance of Christ’s death as a sacrifice for humanity. The events that follow his death are sim ilarly important because John does not pretend to defend the ordnances; instead; he attempts to anchor the resurrection of Jesus Christ into history. Stated differently, he is defending the incarnation of Jesus indirectly. The second view comes from the same verse (19:34-35) where the scriptures refer to the blood and water that poured out of Jesus’ body during his crucifixion.8 The premise for this verse is the defense of Christ’s crucifixion, especially for those who would still deny him after his death. In this regard, John is arguing that the crucifixion of Christ is the main redemption in the life of a believer and not the baptism of Jesus Christ. However, as Nissen observes, there are fundamental problems with this analysis.9 First, the representation of the water is three fold. In the first instance, the water refers to Christ’s baptism by water. The death of Jesus Christ and the blood he poured for sinners outline the second representation of the water. Here John draws a close relation between the blood shed for the sinners and the water associated with his baptism and resurrection. The last manifestation differentiates water and blood by showing that blood symbolized Christ’s death (crucifixion) and water symbolized his baptism.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How John Portrays the Role of the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Chnristians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on these assessments, the apostle John is defending a few important truths. The first is that Jesus Christ is the same divine Christ and the Holy Spirit. In this regard, he does not support the ontological separation of the two. John supports a second truth, which suggests that the same person whom he baptized is also the same person who died on the cross. The acceptance of Jesus Christ emerged through his defeat of death and the fulfillment of his purpose of earth. This glorificat ion occurred after his death and resurrection. This understanding contradicts the view of some people who believe that Christ came upon the â€Å"human Jesus† after his baptism and departed his human self after his death. However, John shows that the Holy Spirit bears the historicity of these events because when combined with the testimony of the Holy Spirit, there is little contention that Jesus and the son of God (Christ) are the same. The Holy Spirit and the Life of the Believer In the book of John, the apostle rejects the views of the heretics by saying that the Holy Spirit is an integral part of the life of a believer.10 Particularly, he draws attention to the role of the Holy Spirit in four aspects of a Christian’s life. The first part is the rebirth of a Christian. The second part is in assuring believers of the promise of an eternal life. The third and fourth parts involve helping believers to remain in the truth and in the discernment of truth and error. The f ollowing sections outline the role of the Holy Spirit in these four parts of a Christian’s life. The Spirit and the New Birth The book of John portrays the Holy Spirit as an agent of the new birth. Similarly, it portrays it as the epitome of the new birth. However, these depictions are not apparent in the scriptures. For example, they are not apparent in First John 3:9. Some readers have singled out this verse for its difficulty in interpretation.11 However, the work of God and his purpose for human beings stems from people’s understanding that they have to live according to his word. Similarly, it emerges in reference to the â€Å"seed.† An extrapolation of the verse reads, â€Å"Everyone who is born of God does not commit sin because his seed abides in him, and he is not able to sin because of God he is born.†12 From this verse, clearly, John argues that, â€Å"born of seed† and â€Å"born of God† are similar. Nonetheless, this similarity has not been apparent to many people because the term, â€Å"seed† has been contentious for many people. However, many people interpret the seed to mean the word of God. To support this view, it is crucial to look outside the book of John and investigate what other books in the bible speak of the subject.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the book of James and Peter speak of this issue. Nonetheless, Mills says these passages fail to associate the â€Å"seed† with the begetting of the Christian.13 Mill views the seed as the Holy Spirit, because he says John’s original readers would easily identify it with the foundational born of God passage.14 This view is borrowed from (John 1:12; 3:3–6). In John 3:5, it is difficult to miss the link between the phrase â€Å"born of God† and the holy spirit. Based on this understanding, the apostle John projects the Holy Spirit at the start of the Christian experience. The idea behind this assertion is the understanding that the Holy Spirit gives life. Here, the flesh profits from nothing. Therefore, people should understand the regeneration of God’s children in connection with the Holy Spirit. This understanding reinforces the view that the spirit is the seed. To support this assertion, Mill suggests, â€Å"†¦The immediate conte xt suggests that the seed†¦is simply a part of John’s now familiar divine birth terminology: (2 times in 3:9). Divine birth employing God’s seed echoes John 3:3ff., where such birth is also discussed in terms of the Spirit. Therefore, the seed in 1 John 3:9 is a symbol of the Spirit in a crude though legitimate application of the regeneration metaphor.†15 Besides the above-mentioned uses of the word â€Å"seed,† John does not use it in other places within his scriptures. However, it carries an important idea – reproduction. Its paternal characteristics stem from the portrayals of God as the Father of all children of God. In this regard, belivers are encouraged to live in the likeness of God. Moreover, the scriptures show that the â€Å"seed† is the true beginning of the believer’s transformation. This statement speaks of the believer’s fellowship and union with the father. Through this relationship, they enjoy the benefits of eternal life. Mills adds, â€Å"The imagery of begetting is the corollary of the Johannine emphasis on the Christian’s possessing God’s eternal life, an image carried to the point of speaking of God’s seed.† 16 The power of regeneration as depicted in the role of the Holy Spirit also manifests in two contexts that underlie the concept of rebirth. The first context is the distinction between righteousness and love because this is what the scripture uses to distinguish the children of God from the children of the devil. The virtues of righteousness and love manifests in 5:11-12. Subsequent verses also emphasize it. When referring to the concept of righteousness and love, John still refutes the views of the heretics who argued that righteousness and love were not important tenets of the spiritual life. This is why in the book of John, the apostle claims that God will not consider anyone who is unrighteous and possesses hate as a child of God. The Spirit a nd Assurance The Book of John encourages believers to understand that they are the true beneficiaries of eternal life. The apostle positions the Holy Spirit at the center of this assurance in 3:24 and 4:13. This understanding also manifests in the Greek text, which emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit in giving believers eternal life. This understanding manifests in the verse 3:24, which says â€Å"And we know by this that He abides in us, by the Spirit which He has given us.†17 Through this scripture, John reveals that Christ abides in his believers and his believers abide in him through the connection that they share through the Holy Spirit. Through this statement, the Holy Spirit plays important roles in a believer’s life. For example, it refers to fellowship with God and asserts the incarnation of Jesus Christ. These two roles lead believers to confide in him and make them have improved confidence in the coming of the judgment day. In this regard, Mills argues th at â€Å"Just as in 3,24 the Spirit is the ultimate source of peace of heart (3,19–24) and the answering of our petitions (3,22), so in 4,13 the same Spirit is the source of our confidence on the day of judgment (4,17) and of the absence of fear.†18 In line with the above statement, the Apostle John says that the Holy Spirit gives believers the assurance that on judgment day, their confidence should not come from their outward profession or freshly generated acts of love and righteousness, but from the Holy Spirit who gives them the power to implement and safeguard these virtues. In this regard, a believer knows that his/her confidence during judgment day will not come from their personal convictions and knowledge of their lives, but from the Holy Spirit. According to Thiselton, of importance is the role of the Holy Spirit in allowing believers to seek fellowship with God.19 This mediation is synonymous with the concept of eternal life. In fact, according to Kostenberg , the concept of the Holy Spirit and assurance refers to this basic idea in two ways.20 The first way is the role of the Holy Spirit in mediating how Jesus abides in the lives of believers and how believers abide in God’s ways. The Holy Spirit is the possession of true believers and sits at the apex of believers’ fellowship with God. The apostle John also confirms this narrative by saying the possession of the Holy Spirit makes believers aware of their union with their father. It also gives them assurance that they are possessors of God’s life and that God will accept them as â€Å"being in Christ.†This sense of awareness is not subjective because it is more inclined with understanding the word of God and its appropriation in the lives of believers. The Spirit and Remaining in the Truth The Apostle John highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of believers by saying it safeguards them against apostasy.21 He says this safeguard occurs under the c oncept of anointing. Other biblical scholars say it emerges with reference to the last hour and the redemption that awaits believers before the last coming of the Messiah.22 The gospel also believes that the last hour coincides with the proliferation of multiple false prophets. These false prophets announce a departure from Christ and his word because John warns us that most of these false prophets would emerge from the church. He also characterizes the activities of these false prophets by denial and deception. Furthermore, he says that they do not have the Holy Spirit, because it would have guided them to â€Å"be of God.† Here, he says that the Holy Spirit likeness believers to God, and without it, there are no bonds of communion between the two parties. Therefore, the false prophets stand in sharp contrast to what John expects of people who have the Holy Spirit. In this regard, the Apostle John teaches us that the Holy Spirit relies on origin, character, and communion whe n helping people to remain in the truth. Again, the apostle differs with the heterics who say Jesus Christ is not the divine Christ by arguing that the Holy Spirit does not possess them and neither do they have the spirit of the father, or the son. Stated differently, they are not possessed with eternal life. The deception of the anti-Christ is set forth in 2:26, which shows how false prophets deceive people by leading them away from the path of the antichrist. With respect to the concept of anointing, biblical scholars have held three main views. One view provides a close relation between the anointing and the Holy Spirit. Here, John tells the believers that the Holy Spirit is the one that would guide them to live in the word of God. In light of this assertion, the anointing role of the Holy Spirit is inescapable. Therefore, it is okay to associate the Holy Spirit with the anointing role. At the same time, it is similarly important to associate the word with the Holy Spirit. The ab iding presence of the anointing helps believers to overcome the unwarranted deception of the gospel as propagated by the antichrists. Comprehensively, when trying to understand the role of the Holy Spirit as an instrument to help Christians remain in truth, it is similarly important to understand the presence of the Holy Spirit under the image of anointing. The anointing serves different purposes in a Christian’s life. First, it shows the role of the Holy Spirit as a teacher. Secondly, it highlights the role of the holy spirit as a protector (protects believers from apostasy) by abiding in them. In this regard, the Holy Spirit allows the believers to know God because it mediates between God and the believers. Similarly, the Holy Spirit helps to invalidate the knowledge conveyed by the false prophets. It helps to do so by providing Christians with true knowledge of God. Therefore, the anointing of the Holy Spirit is essential for all believers. Holy Spirit and Baptism Baptism is often associated with the apostle John.23 In some biblical texts, baptism refers to the death of a believer’s â€Å"old self,† as it signifies rebirth. It is evident that the people who accepted baptism also accepted the Messiah, whom John advanced in his teachings. After baptism, the event would later culminate in baptism by the Holy Spirit. Stated differently, although baptism by water was symbolic, the consummation of the event occurred through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. There is no mistake in this analysis because John declared that he saw the Holy Spirit descend upon him during the baptism. He highlights this event five times in his teachings. Through the same teachings, Christians witness the death of the messiah and the effects that follow his defeat of the death. Conclusion This paper started by showing the ambiguous nature of the role of the holy spirit in a Christian’s life. It showed that, unlike other biblical texts, the role of the Holy Sp irit was unclear in the book of John. This ambiguity has often led some researchers to believe that the gospel of John diminishes the role of the Holy Spirit in a Christian’s life. However, this paper shows that this belief is false because the apostle firmly entrenches the Holy Spirit in the life of Christians and believers alike. To affirm this claim, this paper has shown a connection between the Holy Spirit and Christ. It has also shown that the Holy Spirit is central to the rebirth of Christians (baptism) and in their attempt to live according to the word of God. Stated differently, the Holy Spirit abides in believers). By abiding with the Lord’s word, John also reassures believers that they will enjoy the fruits of eternal life on judgment day. In this regard, he says believers should have confidence in the Holy Spirit that they would reap the fruits of abiding by the word of God. Collectively, these analyses show that the role of the Holy Spirit is clear in the g ospel according to John. Indeed, all excerpts of this paper show that the Holy Spirit is central to the life of the believer. References Bevere, John. The Holy Spirit: An Introduction. New York: Messenger International, 2013. Carson, Donald. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: WM Erdmans, 1990. Kostenberg, Andreas. Encounter John: The Gospel in Historical, Literary and Theological  Perspective. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013. Mills, Donald. â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John.† DBSJ 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 33–50. Nissen, Johannes. The Gospel of John and the Religious Quest: Historical and Contemporary  Perspectives. New York: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013. Thiselton, Anthony. The Holy Spirit In Biblical Teaching, Through the Centuries, and Today. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013. Footnotes 1 Johannes Nissen, The Gospel of John and the Religious Quest: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (New York: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013), 116-12 0. 2 Anthony Thiselton, The Holy Spirit In Biblical Teaching, Through the Centuries, and Today (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013), 144-150. 3 Thiselton, The Holy Spirit, 144. 4 John Bevere, The Holy Spirit: An Introduction (New York: Messenger International, 2013) 12-19. 5 Andreas Kostenberg, Encounter John: The Gospel in Historical, Literary and Theological Perspective (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013), 57-65. 6 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 57. 7 Donald Carson, The Gospel According to John (Grand Rapids: WM Erdmans, 1990), 64-65. 8 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 58. 9 Nissen, The Gospel of John, 117. 10 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65. 11 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65. 12 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65. 13 Donald Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† DBSJ 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 33–50. 14 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 33. 15 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 39. 16 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spir it in 1 John,† 39. 17 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 40. 18 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 42. 19 Thiselton, The Holy Spirit, 144. 20 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 58. 21 Kostenberg, Encounter John, 58. 22 Mills, â€Å"The Holy Spirit in 1 John,† 42. 23 Carson, The Gospel According to John, 65.